2:38 Al-Baqara (The Cow)

قال الله لهم: اهبطوا من الجنة جميعًا، وسيأتيكم أنتم وذرياتكم المتعاقبة ما فيه هدايتكم إلى الحق. فمن عمل بها فلا خوف عليهم فيما يستقبلونه من أمر الآخرة ولا هم يحزنون على ما فاتهم من أمور الدنيا.

تفسير الآيتين 38 و 39 :ـ كرر الإهباط, ليرتب عليه ما ذكر وهو قوله: { فَإِمَّا يَأْتِيَنَّكُمْ مِنِّي هُدًى } أي: أيَّ وقت وزمان جاءكم مني -يا معشر الثقلين- هدى, أي: رسول وكتاب يهديكم لما يقربكم مني, ويدنيكم مني; ويدنيكم من رضائي، { فمن تبع هداي } منكم, بأن آمن برسلي وكتبي, واهتدى بهم, وذلك بتصديق جميع أخبار الرسل والكتب, والامتثال للأمر والاجتناب للنهي، { فَلَا خَوْفٌ عَلَيْهِمْ وَلَا هُمْ يَحْزَنُونَ } وفي الآية الأخرى: { فَمَنِ اتَّبَعَ هُدَايَ فَلَا يَضِلُّ وَلَا يَشْقَى } فرتب على اتباع هداه أربعة أشياء: نفي الخوف والحزن والفرق بينهما, أن المكروه إن كان قد مضى, أحدث الحزن, وإن كان منتظرا, أحدث الخوف، فنفاهما عمن اتبع هداه وإذا انتفيا, حصل ضدهما, وهو الأمن التام، وكذلك نفي الضلال والشقاء عمن اتبع هداه وإذا انتفيا ثبت ضدهما، وهو الهدى والسعادة، فمن اتبع هداه, حصل له الأمن والسعادة الدنيوية والأخروية والهدى، وانتفى عنه كل مكروه, من الخوف, والحزن, والضلال, والشقاء، فحصل له المرغوب, واندفع عنه المرهوب، وهذا عكس من لم يتبع هداه, فكفر به, وكذب بآياته. فـ { أولئك أصحاب النار } أي: الملازمون لها, ملازمة الصاحب لصاحبه, والغريم لغريمه، { هُمْ فِيهَا خَالِدُونَ } لا يخرجون منها، ولا يفتر عنهم العذاب ولا هم ينصرون. وفي هذه الآيات وما أشبهها, انقسام الخلق من الجن والإنس, إلى أهل السعادة, وأهل الشقاوة, وفيها صفات الفريقين والأعمال الموجبة لذلك، وأن الجن كالإنس في الثواب والعقاب, كما أنهم مثلهم, في الأمر والنهي.

يقول تعالى مخبرا عما أنذر به آدم وزوجته وإبليس حين أهبطهم من الجنة والمراد الذرية أنه سينزل الكتب ويبعث الأنبياء والرسل كما قال أبو العالية الهدى الأنبياء والرسل والبينات والبيان وقال مقاتل بن حيان: الهدى محمد صلى الله عليه وسلم وقال الحسن الهدى القرآن وهذان القولان صحيحان. وقول أبي العالية أعم "فمن اتبع هداي" أي من أقبل على ما أنزلت به الكتب وأرسلت به الرسل "فلا خوف عليهم" أي فيما يستقبلونه من أمر الآخرة "ولا هم يحزنون" على ما فاتهم من أمور الدنيا كما قال في سورة طه "قال اهبطا منها جميعا بعضكم لبعض عدو فإما يأتينكم مني هدى فمن تبع هداي فلا يضل ولا يشقى" قال ابن عباس فلا يضل في الدنيا ولا يشقى في الآخرة.

We said ‘Go down from it from the Garden all together He has repeated this phrase qulnā ihbitū in order to supplement it with yet fa-immā the nūn of the conditional particle in ‘if’ has been assimilated with the extra mā there shall come to you from Me guidance a Book and a prophet and whoever follows My guidance believing in me and performing deeds in obedience of Me no fear shall befall them neither shall they grieve in the Hereafter since they will be admitted into Paradise.

Descension of Adam was not a punishment

That is why the command for Adam (علیہ السلام) to go down to the earth was not withdrawn even when he had been pardoned: only the mode was now altered. Earlier the command had been given in the mode of authority, and the sending down to the earth intended as a punishment: hence the reference to the enmity among men. Now, it was in the mode of wisdom, and the sending down to the earth, an honour - the honour of vice regency. Hence the reference to things Viceregency involves. In commanding Adam and Hawwa (علیہما السلام) and their progeny to live on the earth, Allah told them that He would be sending down to men His guidance - that is, the injunctions of the Shari'ah - through revelation, and that those who follow it faithfully shall be free from sorrow and anxiety - in other words, they shall not have to grieve about any loss in the past, nor to worry about some misfortune in the future.

The obedient are freed of worries

(4) Verse 38 promises two great rewards to those who follow divine guidance - they will fear, and they will not grieve. Fear is the anxiety one feels in apprehending some trouble or pain in the future. Grief is the sorrow arising from the loss of something valuable or from one's failure in attaining a desired object. One can see that these two rewards comprehend all the possible forms of comfort and peace. Then, the text of the Holy Qur'an makes a subtle distinction between the two. In saying that those who follow divine guidance will have no fear, it speaks in general terms and uses a noun - the Arabic Phrase: لَا خَوْفٌ عَلَيْهِمْ is to be translated literally as 'no fear upon them'. But in the next phrase وَلَا هُمْ يَحْزَنُونَ , the Holy Qur'an employs a verb, placing before it a pronoun as the subject. The literal translation of the phrase is: 'they shall not grieve'. The implication here is that being totally free from all sense of loss is possible only to Men of Allah or the saints18 who follow divine guidance in all its details; as for the others, no man whether an emperor or a billionaire, can help being grieved at the loss of a valued object or the frustration of a desire, all of which is but a necessary part of the scheme of things. The 'friends of Allah' do not have to grieve, because they annihilated their own desires and their very will in submitting themselves totally to the will of Allah. The Holy Qur'an also tells us that those who go to Paradise will thank Allah for having removed from them all regret and sorrow: الْحَمْدُ لِلَّـهِ الَّذِي أَذْهَبَ عَنَّا الْحَزَنَ "All praise belongs to Allah who has put away all sorrow from us" (35:34). It means that some degree of sorrow is inevitable for every human being except those who have perfected and made fast their relationship with Allah.

Let us make it clear that the verse does negate all grief and sorrow in the case of the 'friends of Allah', but the negation applies only to the loss of worldly things and the frustration of worldly desires. As for the anxiety about the other world and the fear of Allah and the deep sense of awe before His Glory, the 'friends of Allah' are far ahead of other men in these. It has been reported that the Holy Prophet ﷺ often appeared to be worried and in deep thought - this was not for fear of any trouble or loss in the worldly sense, but on account of his anxiety for his Ummah, and of his awe before Divine Glory.

Nor does this verse imply that prophets and saints should not feel the instinctive and all too human fear when confronted by things which are generally known to inspire dread. The Holy Qur'an itself relates how the prophet Musa (Moses) (علیہ السلام) was struck with fear when his stick turned into a dragon: أَوْجَسَ فِي نَفْسِهِ خِيفَةً مُّوسَیٰ : "Musa felt a fear in himself." (20:67)

18. The word "Saints" is very weak and only an approximate translation of the Arabic phrase "Awliya-Allah", 'the friends of Allah' - a concept which has only a faint resemblance with the Christian idea of a 'saint'. Consequently, the term 'men of Allah' has been used most frequently throughout this commentary.

But it was only an instinctive and physical fear, and the incident anyhow belongs to the early days of his prophethood, for when Allah said: لَا تَخَفْ : 'Do not be afraid', the fear disappeared altogether. We may explain the incident in another way also. His fear did not arise as it does in the case of ordinary men, from the apprehension of some harm or hurt from the dragon, but from the likelihood that the extraordinary event might lead the Israelites into misguidance. So, this fear was not worldly, but other-worldly.