89:3 Al-Fajr (The Dawn)

وفي ليالي عشر رمضان ليلة القدر، التي هي خير من ألف شهر، وفي نهارها، صيام آخر رمضان الذي هو ركن من أركان الإسلام.وفي أيام عشر ذي الحجة، الوقوف بعرفة، الذي يغفر الله فيه لعباده مغفرة يحزن لها الشيطان، فما رئي الشيطان أحقر ولا أدحر منه في يوم عرفة، لما يرى من تنزل الأملاك والرحمة من الله لعباده، ويقع فيها كثير من أفعال الحج والعمرة، وهذه أشياء معظمة، مستحقة لأن يقسم الله بها.

قد تقدم في هذا الحديث أن الوتر يوم عرفة لكونه التاسع وأن الشفع يوم النحر لكونه العاشر وقاله ابن عباس وعكرمة والضحاك أيضا "قول ثان" وقال ابن أبي حاتم حدثنا أبو سعيد الأشج حدثني عقبة بن خالد عن واصل بن السائب قال سألت عطاء عن قوله تعالى "والشفع والوتر" قلت صلاتنا وترنا هذا ؟ قال لا ولكن الشفع يوم عرفة والوتر ليلة الأضحى "قول ثالث" قاله ابن أبي حاتم حدثنا محمد بن عامر بن إبراهيم الأصبهاني حدثني أبي عن النعمان يعني ابن عبدالسلام عن أبي سعيد بن عوف حدثني بمكة قال سمعت عبدالله بن الزبير يخطب الناس فقام إليه رجل فقال يا أمير المؤمنين أخبرني عن"الشفع والوتر" فقال"الشفع" قول الله تعالى "فمن تعجل في يومين فلا إثم عليه""والوتر" قوله تعالى" ومن تأخر فلا إثم عليه" وقال ابن جريج أخبرني محمد بن المرتفع أنه سمع ابن الزبير يقول"الشفع" أوسط أيام التشريق"والوتر" آخر أيام التشريق. وفي الصحيحين من رواية أبي هريرة عن رسول الله صلى الله عليه وسلم "إن لله تسعة وتسعين إسما مائة إلا واحدا من أحصاها دخل الجنة وهو وتر يحب الوتر" "قول رابع" قال الحسن البصري وزيد بن أسلم الخلق كلهم شفع ووتر أقسم تعالى بخلقه وهو رواية عن مجاهد والمشهور عنه الأول وقال العوفي عن ابن عباس"والشفع والوتر" قال الله وتر واحد وأنتم شفع ويقال الشفع صلاة الغداة والوتر صلاة المغرب. "قول خامس" قال ابن أبي حاتم حدثنا أبو سعيد الأشج حدثنا عبيدالله بن موسى عن إسرائيل عن أبي يحيى عن مجاهد"والشفع والوتر" قال الشفع الزوج والوتر الله عز وجل وقال أبو عبدالله عن مجاهد: الله الوتر وخلقه الشفع الذكر والأنثى وقال ابن أبي نجيح عن مجاهد قوله "والشفع والوتر" كل شيء خلقه الله شفع السماء والأرض والبر والبحر والجن والإنس والشمس والقمر ونحو هذا ونحا مجاهد في هذا ما ذكروه في قوله تعالى "ومن كل شيء خلقنا زوجين لعلكم تذكرون" أي لتعلموا أن خالق الأزواج واحد "قول سادس" قال قتادة عن الحسن"والشفع والوتر" هو العدد منه شفع ومنه وتر. "قول سابع في الآية الكريمة" رواه ابن أبي حاتم وابن جرير من طريق ابن جريج ثم قال ابن جرير وروي عن النبي صلى الله عليه وسلم خبر يؤيد القول الذي ذكرنا عن ابن الزبير حدثني عبدالله بن أبي زياد القطواني حدثنا زيد بن الحباب أخبرني عياش بن عقبة حدثني خير بن نعيم عن أبي الزبير عن جابر أن رسول الله قال "الشفع"اليومان "والوتر" اليوم الثالث" هكذا ورد هذا الخبر بهذا اللفظ وهو مخالف لما تقدم من اللفظ في رواية أحمد والنسائي وابن أبي حاتم وما رواه هو أيضا والله أعلم. قال أبو العالية والربيع بن أنس وغيرهما هي الصلاة منها شفع كالرباعية والثنائية ومنها وتر كالمغرب فإنها ثلاث وهي وتر النهار وكذلك صلاة الوتر في آخر التهجد من الليل. وقد قال عبدالرزاق عن معمر عن قتادة عن عمران بن حصين "والشفع والوتر" قال هي الصلاة المكتوبة منها شفع ومنها وتر وهذا منقطع وموقوف ولفظه خاص بالمكتوبة وقد روي متصلا مرفوعا إلى النبي صلى الله عليه وسلم ولفظه عام. قال الإمام أحمد حدثنا أبو داود هو الطيالسي حدثنا همام عن قتادة عن عمران بن عصام أن شيخا حدثه من أهل البصرة عن عمران بن حصين أن رسول الله صلى الله عليه وسلم سئل عن"الشفع والوتر" فقال "هي الصلاة بعضها شفع وبعضها وتر"هكذا وقع في المسند وكذا رواه ابن جرير عن بندار عن عفان وعن أبي كريب عن عبيدالله بن موسى كلاهما عن همام وهو ابن يحيى عن قتادة عن عمران بن عصام عن شيخ عن عمران بن حصين وكذا رواه أبو عيسى الترمذي عن عمرو بن على عن ابن مهدي وأبي داود كلاهما عن همام عن قتادة عن عمران بن عصام عن رجل من أهل البصرة عن عمران بن حصين به ثم قال غريب لا نعرفه إلا من حديث قتادة وقد رواه خالد بن قيس أيضا عن قتادة وقد روي عن عمران بن عصام عن عمران نفسه والله أعلم "قلت" ورواه ابن أبي حاتم حدثنا أحمد بن سنان الواسطي حدثنا يزيد بن هارون أخبرنا همام عن قتادة عن عمران بن عصام الضبعي شيخ من أهل البصرة عن عمران بن حصين عن النبي صلى الله عليه وسلم فذكره هكذا رأيته في تفسيره فجعل الشيخ البصري هو عمران بن عصام. وهكذا رواه ابن جرير أخبرنا نصر بن علي حدثني أبي حدثني خالد بن قيس عن قتادة عن عمران بن عصام عن عمران بن حصين عن النبي صلى الله عليه وسلم في"الشفع والوتر" قال "هي الصلاة منها شفع ومنها وتر"فأسقط ذكر الشيخ المبهم وتفرد به عمران بن عصام الضبعي أبو عمارة البصري إمام مسجد بني ضبيعة وهو والد أبي جمرة نصر بن عمران الضبعي روى عنه قتادة وابنه أبو جمرة والمثنى بن سعيد وأبو التياح يزيد بن حميد وذكره ابن حبان في كتاب الثقات وذكره خليفة بن خياط في التابعين من أهل البصرة وكان شريفا نبيلا حظيا عند الحجاج بن يوسف ثم قتله يوم الراوية سنة ثنتين وثمانين لخروجه مع ابن الأشعث وليس له عند الترمذي سوى هذا الحديث الواحد وعندي أن وقفه على عمران بن حصين أشبه والله أعلم. ولم يجزم ابن جرير بشيء من هذه الأقوال في"الشفع والوتر".

Which was revealed in Makkah

Recitation of Surat Al-Fajr in the Prayer

An-Nasa'i recorded a narration from Jabir that Mu`adh prayed a prayer and a man came and joined him in the prayer. Mu`adh made the prayer long, so the man went and prayed (alone) at the side of the Masjid, and then left. When Mu`adh was informed of this he said, "(He is) a hypocrite." He (Mu`adh) then informed the Messenger of Allah ﷺ of what happened. The Prophet then asked the young man (about it) and he replied, "O Messenger of Allah! I came to pray with him, but he made the prayer too long for me. So I left him and prayed at the side of the Masjid. Then I went to feed my she-camel." The Messenger of Allah ﷺ then said,

«أَفَتَّانٌ يَا مُعَاذُ؟ أَيْنَ أَنْتَ مِنْ

سَبِّحِ اسْمَ رَبِّكَ الاّعْلَى

وَالشَّمْسِ وَضُحَـهَا

وَالْفَجْرِ

وَالَّيْلِ إِذَا يَغْشَى »

(Are you causing trouble Mu`adh Why don't you recite (`Glorify the Name of your Lord the Most High'), (`By the sun and its brightness'), (`By the dawn'), (and (`By the night as it envelops'))

بِسْمِ اللَّهِ الرَّحْمَـنِ الرَّحِيمِ

In the Name of Allah, the Most Gracious, the Most Merciful

The Explanation of Al-Fajr and what comes after it

Concerning Al-Fajr, it is well known that it is the morning. This was said by `Ali, Ibn `Abbas, `Ikrimah, Mujahid and As-Suddi. It has been reported from Masruq and Muhammad bin Ka`b that Al-Fajr refers to the day of Sacrifice (An-Nahr) in particular, and it is the last of the ten nights. `The ten nights' refers to the (first) ten days of Dhul-Hijjah. This was said by Ibn `Abbas, Ibn Zubayr, Mujahid and others among the Salaf and the latter generations. It has been confirmed in Sahih Al-Bukhari from Ibn `Abbas that the Prophet said,

«مَا مِنْ أَيَّامٍ الْعَمَلُ الصَّالِحُ أَحَبُّ إِلَى اللهِ فِيهِنَّ مِنْ هذِهِ الْأَيَّام»

(There are no days in which righteous deeds are more beloved to Allah than these days.) meaning the ten days of Dhul-Hijjah. They said, "Not even fighting Jihad in the way of Allah" He replied,

«وَلَا الْجِهَادُ فِي سَبِيلِ اللهِ، إِلَّا رَجُلًا خَرَجَ بِنَفْسِهِ وَمَالِهِ ثُمَّ لَمْ يَرْجِعْ مِنْ ذلِكَ بِشَيْء»

(Not even Jihad in the way of Allah; except for a man who goes out (for Jihad) with his self and his wealth, and he does not return with any of that.)

Explanation of Night

Concerning Allah's statement,

وَالَّيْلِ إِذَا يَسْرِ

(And by the night when it departs.) Al-`Awfi reported from Ibn `Abbas that he said, "When it goes away." `Abdullah bin Zubayr said,

وَالَّيْلِ إِذَا يَسْرِ

(And by the night when it departs.) "As some parts of it remove other parts of it." Mujahid, Abu Al-`Aliyah, Qatadah, and Malik who reported it from Zayd bin Aslam and Ibn Zayd, they all said;

وَالَّيْلِ إِذَا يَسْرِ

(And by the night when it departs.) "When it moves along." Concerning Allah's statement,

هَلْ فِى ذَلِكَ قَسَمٌ لِّذِى حِجْرٍ

(There is indeed in them sufficient proofs for men with Hijr!) meaning, for he who possesses intellect, sound reasoning, understanding and religious discernment. The intellect has only been called Hijr because it prevents the person from doing that which is not befitting of him of actions and statement. From this we see the meaning of Hijr Al-Bayt because it prevents the person performing Tawaf from clinging the wall facing Ash-Sham. Also the term Hijr Al-Yamamah (the cage of the pigeon) is derived from this meaning (i.e., prevention). It is said, "Hajara Al-Hakim so-and-so (The judge passed a judgement preventing so-and-so)," when his judgement prevents the person from his liberty (i.e., of freely utilizing his wealth). Allah says,

وَيَقُولُونَ حِجْراً مَّحْجُوراً

(And they will say: "Hijr Mahjur.") (25:22) All of these examples are different cases but their meanings are quite similar. The oath that is referred to here is about the times of worship and the acts of worship themselves, such as Hajj, Salah and other acts of worship that Allah's pious, obedient, servants who fear Him and are humble before Him, seeking His Noble Face, perform in order to draw nearer to Him.

Mentioning the Destruction of `Ad

After mentioning these people, and their worship and obedience, Allah says,

أَلَمْ تَرَ كَيْفَ فَعَلَ رَبُّكَ بِعَادٍ

(Saw you not how your Lord dealt with `Ad) These were people who were rebellious, disobedient, arrogant, outside of His obedience, deniers of His Messengers and rejectors of His Scriptures. Thus, Allah mentions how He destroyed them, annihilated them and made them legends to be spoken of and an exemplary lesson of warning. He says,

أَلَمْ تَرَ كَيْفَ فَعَلَ رَبُّكَ بِعَادٍ - إِرَمَ ذَاتِ الْعِمَادِ

(Saw you not how your Lord dealt with `Ad Iram of the pillars,) These were the first people of `Ad. They were the descendants of `Ad bin Iram bin `Aws bin Sam bin Nuh. This was said by Ibn Ishaq. They are those to whom Allah sent His Messenger Hud. However, they rejected and opposed him. Therefore, Allah saved him and those who believed with him from among them, and He destroyed others with a furious, violent wind.

سَخَّرَهَا عَلَيْهِمْ سَبْعَ لَيَالٍ وَثَمَـنِيَةَ أَيَّامٍ حُسُوماً فَتَرَى الْقَوْمَ فِيهَا صَرْعَى كَأَنَّهُمْ أَعْجَازُ نَخْلٍ خَاوِيَةٍ - فَهَلْ تَرَى لَهُم مِّن بَاقِيَةٍ

(Which Allah imposed on them for seven nights and eight days in succession, so that you could see men lying overthrown, as if they were hollow trunks of date palms! Do you see any remnants of them) (69: 7-8) Allah mentioned their story in the Qur'an in more than one place, so that the believers may learn a lesson from their demise. Allah then says,

إِرَمَ ذَاتِ الْعِمَادِ

(Iram of the pillars.) This is an additional explanation that adds clarification who they actually were. Concerning His saying,

ذَاتِ الْعِمَادِ

(of the pillars.) is because they used to live in trellised houses that were raised with firm pillars. They were the strongest people of their time in their physical stature, and they were the mightiest people in power. Thus, Hud reminded them of this blessing, and he directed them to use this power in the obedience of their Lord Who had created them. He said,

وَاذكُرُواْ إِذْ جَعَلَكُمْ خُلَفَآءَ مِن بَعْدِ قَوْمِ نُوحٍ وَزَادَكُمْ فِى الْخَلْقِ بَسْطَةً فَاذْكُرُواْ ءَالآءَ اللَّهِ لَعَلَّكُمْ تُفْلِحُونَ

(And remember that He made you successors after the people of Nuh and increased you amply in stature. So remember the graces from Allah so that you may be successful.)(7:69) Allah also said,

فَأَمَّا عَادٌ فَاسْتَكْبَرُواْ فِى الاٌّرْضِ بِغَيْرِ الْحَقِّ وَقَالُواْ مَنْ أَشَدُّ مِنَّا قُوَّةً أَوَلَمْ يَرَوْاْ أَنَّ اللَّهَ الَّذِى خَلَقَهُمْ هُوَ أَشَدُّ مِنْهُمْ قُوَّةً

(As for 'Ad, they were arrogant in the land without right, and they said: "Who is mightier than us in strength" See they not that Allah Who created them was mightier in strength than them.) (41:15) And Allah says here,

الَّتِى لَمْ يُخْلَقْ مِثْلُهَا فِى الْبِلَـدِ

(The like of which were not created in the land) meaning, there had been none created like them in their land, due to their strength, power and their great physical stature. Mujahid said, "Iram was an ancient nation who were the first people of `Ad." Qatadah bin Di`amah and As-Suddi both said, "Verily, Iram refers to the House of the kingdom of `Ad." This latter statement is good and strong. Concerning Allah's statement,

الَّتِى لَمْ يُخْلَقْ مِثْلُهَا فِى الْبِلَـدِ

(The like of which were not created in the land) Ibn Zayd considered the pronoun of discussion here to refer to the pillars, due to their loftiness. He said, "They built pillars among the hills, the likes of which had not been constructed in their land before." However, Qatadah and Ibn Jarir considered the pronoun of discussion to refer to the tribe (of `Ad), meaning that there was no tribe that had been created like this tribe in the land - meaning during their time. And this latter view is the correct position. The saying of Ibn Zayd and those who follow his view is a weak one, because if He intended that, He would have said "The like of which were not produced in the land." But He said:

لَمْ يُخْلَقْ مِثْلُهَا فِى الْبِلَـدِ

(The like of which were not created in the land.) Then Allah says,

وَثَمُودَ الَّذِينَ جَابُواْ الصَّخْرَ بِالْوَادِ

(And Thamud, who hewed (Jabu) rocks in the valley) meaning, they cut the rocks in the valley. Ibn `Abbas said, "They carved them and they hewed them." This was also said by Mujahid, Qatadah, Ad-Dahhak and Ibn Zayd. From this terminology it is said (in the Arabic language), "the hewing of leopard skin" when it is torn, and "The hewing of a garment" when it is opened. The word `Jayb' (pocket or opening in a garment) also comes from Jabu. Allah says,

وَتَنْحِتُونَ مِنَ الْجِبَالِ بُيُوتاً فَـرِهِينَ

(And you hew in the mountains, houses with great skill.) (26:149)

A Mention of Fir`awn

Allah then says,

وَفِرْعَوْنَ ذِى الاٌّوْتَادِ

(And Fir`awn with Al-Awtad) Al-`Awfi reported from Ibn `Abbas that he said, "Al-Awtad are the armies who enforced his commands for him." It has also been said that Fir`awn used to nail their hands and their feet into pegs (Awtad) of iron that he would hang them from. A similar statement was made by Mujahid when he said, "He used to nail the people (up) on pegs." Sa`id bin Jubayr, Al-Hasan and As-Suddi all said the same thing. Allah said,

الَّذِينَ طَغَوْاْ فِى الْبِلَـدِ - فَأَكْثَرُواْ فِيهَا الْفَسَادَ

(Who did transgress beyond bounds in the lands. And made therein much mischief.) meaning, they rebelled, were arrogant, and went about making corruption in the land, and harming the people.

فَصَبَّ عَلَيْهِمْ رَبُّكَ سَوْطَ عَذَابٍ

(So, your Lord poured on them different kinds of severe torment.) meaning, He sent down a torment upon them from the sky and caused them to be overcome by a punishment that could not be repelled from the people who were criminals.

The Lord is Ever Watchful

Concerning Allah's statement,

إِنَّ رَبَّكَ لَبِالْمِرْصَادِ

(Verily, your Lord is Ever Watchful.) Ibn `Abbas said, "He hears and He sees." This means that He watches over His creation in that which they do, and He will reward them in this life and in the Hereafter based upon what each of them strove for. He will bring all of the creation before Him and He will judge them with justice. He will requit each of them with that which he deserves, for He is far removed from injustice and tyranny.

and by the even the pair and the odd read watr or witr two alternative forms the single

وَالشَّفْعِ وَالْوَتْرِ (and by the even and the odd,...89:3). The Qur'an has not

specified what the words 'the even' and 'the odd' refer to. Therefore, the commentators have assigned different interpretations to them. Nevertheless, it has been mentioned in a Prophetic Hadith narrated by Abu-z-Zubair from Sayyidna Jabir ؓ thus:

(وَالْفَجْرِ ۔ وَلَيَالٍ عَشْرٍ ) ھو الصّبح وعشر النحر والوتر یوم عرفہ والشفع یوم النّحر

'Fajr' refers to the dawn, and 'the ten nights' refer to the first ten nights of Dhul Hijjah [ which include the Day of Sacrifice ], and that al-watr [ the odd ] refers to the day of ` Arafah [ because it falls on the ninth ] and ash-shaf refers to the Day of Sacrifice [ because it falls on the 10th day of Dhul Hijjah ].'

Qurtubi cites this narration and confirms that its chain of authorities is more authentic than the other tradition narrated by Sayyidna ` Imran Ibn Husain ؓ which talks about odd [ three ] and even [ two/four ] units of prayers. Therefore, Sayyidna Ibn ` Abbas ؓ Ikramah and Nahhas رحمۃ علیہما have preferred the view that 'even' refers to the Day of Sacrifice and 'odd' refers to the day of ` Arafah.

Some commentators like Ibn Sirin, Masruq, Abu Salih and Qatadah رحمۃ علیہم said that 'even' refers to the entire creation, because Allah has created them in pairs, and thus He says:

وَمِن كُلِّ شَيْءٍ خَلَقْنَا زَوْجَيْنِ

'And from everything We have created (a pair of) two kinds [ 51:49] '

-belief/disbelief, happiness/unhappiness, light/darkness, night/day, cold/ heat, sky/earth, human/Jinn and male/female as against all of these pairs, Allah is the only One Being 'odd' that does not have a pair:

ھو اللہ الاحد الصَّمَد

'He, is Allah, the One, Besought of all, needing none'

وَاللَّيْلِ إِذَا يَسْرِ (and by the night when it moves away...89:4). The word yasr is derived from sara and means 'to walk in the night' or 'travel by night'. The verse says when the night itself moves away. It signifies 'when the night departs and goes away.' After taking oath by these five items, the next verse says:

هَلْ فِي ذَٰلِكَ قَسَمٌ لِّذِي حِجْرٍ (Is there [ not ] in that an oath (enough) for a man of sense?...89:5). An intelligent person is, in a very special style, invited to think and reflect. The word hijr literally denotes 'to prevent'. The intellect has been called hijr because it prevents the person from doing which is unbecoming of him - actions or statements. Are these oaths not sufficient for a man possessed of intellect, sound reasoning, understanding and religious discernment? This sentence is in the form of interrogation to awaken man from his slumber. The subject of oaths is implied, though not stated explicitly. The verse purports to say that when man considers into the Majesty of Allah and reflects on the greatness of objects of oaths, it would be confirmed and verified that everyone has to give account of his deeds, and reward and punishment in the Hereafter is sure. In this connection, reference is made to the destruction of three previous nations: [ 1] the nation of ` Ad; [ 2] the nation of Thamud; and [ 3] the nation of Fir'aun (the Pharaoh). ` Ad and Thamud are two nations whose genealogy link up with Iram. Thus Iram may refer to both, ` Ad as well as Thamud. Here however with ` Ad only the name Iram is linked for genealogical reasons:

أَلَمْ تَرَ كَيْفَ فَعَلَ رَبُّكَ بِعَادٍ ۔ إِرَمَ ذَاتِ الْعِمَادِ (Have you not seen how your Lord dealt with [ the people ] ` Ad of Iram, the men of tall pillars...(89:6-7). The word 'Iram' in verse [ 7] is, grammatically speaking, either ` atf bayan (syndetic explicative) or badal (complement). The purpose of the construction is to specify one of the two tribes of ` Ad. This statement specifies that it refers to ` Ad-ul-'ula (the early generation of ` Ad). A remnant from the former generation is referred to as ` Ad-ul-'Ukhra, because they are linked with their great-grand father Iram more closely than ` Ad-ul-'Ukhra. Here the Qur'an refers to the first tribe as ` Ad Iram. In Surah An-Najm, they are described as: عَادًا الْأُولَىٰ (the earlier ` Ad,) [ 53:50] '