6:138 Al-An'aam (The Cattle)

ومن أنواع سفاهتهم أن الأنعام التي أحلها الله لهم عموما، وجعلها رزقا ورحمة، يتمتعون بها وينتفعون، قد اخترعوا فيها بِدعًا وأقوالا من تلقاء أنفسهم، فعندهم اصطلاح في بعض الأنعام [والحرث] أنهم يقولون فيها: { هَذِهِ أَنْعَامٌ وَحَرْثٌ حِجْرٌ } أي: محرم { لَا يَطْعَمُهَا إِلَّا مَنْ نَشَاءُ } أي: لا يجوز أن يطعمه أحد، إلا من أردنا أن يطعمه، أو وصفناه بوصف -من عندهم-. وكل هذا بزعمهم لا مستند لهم ولا حجة إلا أهويتهم، وآراؤهم الفاسدة. وأنعام ليست محرمة من كل وجه، بل يحرمون ظهورها، أي: بالركوب والحمل عليها، ويحمون ظهرها، ويسمونها الحام، وأنعام لا يذكرون اسم الله عليها، بل يذكرون اسم أصنامهم وما كانوا يعبدون من دون الله عليها، وينسبون تلك الأفعال إلى الله، وهم كذبة فُجَّار في ذلك. { سَيَجْزِيهِمْ بِمَا كَانُوا يَفْتَرُونَ } على الله، من إحلال الشرك، وتحريم الحلال من الأكل، والمنافع.

قال علي بن أبي طلحة عن ابن عباس: الحجر الحرام مما حرموا من الوصيلة وتحريم ما حرموا. وكذلك قال مجاهد والضحاك والسدي وقتادة وعبد الرحمن بن زيد بن أسلم وغيرهما وقال قتادة "وقالوا هذه أنعام وحرث حجر" تحريم كان عليهم من الشياطين في أموالهم وتغليظ وتشديد ولم يكن من الله تعالى وقال ابن زيد بن أسلم "حجر" إنما احتجروها لآلهتهم; وقال السدي "لا يطعمها إلا من نشاء بزعمهم" يقولون حرام أن يطعم إلا من شئنا وهذه الآية الكريمة كقوله تعالى "قل أرأيتم ما أنزل الله لكم من رزق فجعلتم منه حراما وحلالا قل آلله أذن لكم أم على الله تفترون" وكقوله تعالى "ما جعل الله من بحيرة ولا سائبة ولا وصيلة ولا حام ولكن الذين كفروا يفترون على الله الكذب وأكثرهم لا يعقلون" وقال السدي: أما الأنعام التي حرمت ظهورها فهي البحيرة والسائبة والوصيلة والحام وأما الأنعام التي لا يذكرون اسم الله عليها لا إذا ولدوها ولا إن نحروها. وقال أبو بكر بن عياش عن عاصم بن أبي النجود قال لي أبو وائل: أتدري ما في قوله "وأنعام حرمت ظهورها وأنعام لا يذكرون اسم الله عليها" قلت لا قال: هي البحيرة كانوا لا يحجون عليها. وقال مجاهد: كان من إبلهم طائفة لا يذكرون اسم الله عليها ولا في شيء من شأنها لا إن ركبوا ولا إن حلبوا ولا إن حملوا ولا إن نتجوا ولا إن عملوا شيئا "افتراء عليه" أي على الله وكذبا منهم في إسنادهم ذلك إلي دين الله وشرعه فإنه لم يأذن لهم في ذلك ولا رضيه منهم "سيجزيهم بما كانوا يفترون" أي عليه ويسندون إليه.

The Idolators Forbade Certain Types of Cattle

`Ali bin Abi Talhah reported that Ibn `Abbas said, "Hijr refers to what they forbade, such as the Wasilah, and the like." Similar was said by Mujahid, Ad-Dahhak, As-Suddi, Qatadah, `Abdur-Rahman bin Zayd bin Aslam and others. Qatadah commented on,

وَقَالُواْ هَـذِهِ أَنْعَـمٌ وَحَرْثٌ حِجْرٌ

(They say that such and such cattle and crops are Hijr,) "It is a prohibition that the Shayatin appointed for their wealth, and a type of exaggeration and extremism that did not come from Allah." `Abdur-Rahman Ibn Zayd bin Aslam said that, d

حِجْرٍ

(Hijr,) refers to what the idolators designated for their deities. As-Suddi said that the Ayah,

لاَّ يَطْعَمُهَآ إِلاَّ مَن نَّشَآءُ بِزَعْمِهِمْ

(And none should eat of them except those whom we allow, they claimed...) means, "They said, only those whom we choose can eat of them., and the rest are prohibited from eating them." Similar to this honorable Ayah, Allah said,

قُلْ أَرَأَيْتُمْ مَّآ أَنزَلَ اللَّهُ لَكُمْ مِّن رِّزْقٍ فَجَعَلْتُمْ مِّنْهُ حَرَامًا وَحَلاَلاً قُلْ ءَآللَّهُ أَذِنَ لَكُمْ أَمْ عَلَى اللَّهِ تَفْتَرُونَ

(Say: "Tell me, what provision Allah has sent down to you! And you have made of it lawful and unlawful." Say: "Has Allah permitted you (to do so), or do you invent a lie against Allah") 10:59, and,

مَا جَعَلَ اللَّهُ مِن بَحِيرَةٍ وَلاَ سَآئِبَةٍ وَلاَ وَصِيلَةٍ وَلاَ حَامٍ وَلَـكِنَّ الَّذِينَ كَفَرُواْ يَفْتَرُونَ عَلَى اللَّهِ الْكَذِبَ وَأَكْثَرُهُمْ لاَ يَعْقِلُونَ

(Allah has not instituted things like Bahirah or a Sa'ibah or a Wasilah or a Ham. But those who disbelieve invent lies against Allah, and most of them have no understanding.) 5:103 As-Suddi said that cattle forbidden to be used for burden were the Bahirah, Sa'ibah, Wasilah and Ham, as well as cattle for which the idolators did not mention Allah's Name when slaughtering them nor when they were born. Abu Bakr bin `Ayyash said that `Asim bin Abi An-Najud said, "Abu Wa'il said to me, `Do you know the meaning of the Ayah,

وَأَنْعَـمٌ حُرِّمَتْ ظُهُورُهَا وَأَنْعَـمٌ لاَّ يَذْكُرُونَ اسْمَ اللَّهِ عَلَيْهَا

(And (they say) there are cattle forbidden to be used for burden, and cattle on which the Name of Allah is not pronounced.) I said, `No.' He said, `It is the Bahirah, which they would not use to for Hajj (either by riding it or carrying things on it)."' Mujahid also said that they were some of the camels belonging to idolators on which Allah's Name was not mentioned when riding, milking, carrying things, copulation or any other action.

افْتِرَآءً عَلَيْهِ

(lying against Him.) against Allah. The idolators indeed lied when they attributed this evil to Allah's religion and Law; He did not allow them to do that nor did He approve of it,

سَيَجْزِيهِم بِمَا كَانُواْ يَفْتَرُونَ

(He will recompense them for what they used to fabricate.) against Him, and falsely attribute to Him.

They say ‘These cattle and tillage are sacrosanct forbidden. No one is to eat of them except whom we will’ from among the retainers of the graven images and others — so they assert in other words they have no convincing argument for it — ‘and cattle whose backs have been forbidden and cannot therefore be ridden such as the camels they call Sā’ibas or Hāmīs and cattle over which they do not invoke the Name of God’ when they slaughter them invoking instead the names of their idols ascribing such rules to God; forging lies against Him. He will assuredly requite them for what they used to fabricate against Him.

Linkage of Verses

Described in the previous verses were false beliefs of the mushriks of Arabia while the present verses recount their practical errors and ignorant customs. The customs of Jahiliyyah mentioned in these verses are: (1) They took out a portion in the name of Allah from grains and fruits, and some in the name of idols and Jinns. Then, if by chance, some part of what belonged to the portion of Allah got mixed up with the portion reserved for idols, they would let it stay mixed as it was. When the position was the reverse of it, they would take it out and make the portion set for idols even. The excuse was that Allah is need-free. A cut in His share does not harm Him while the partners need it - so, their share should not be decreased. This evil custom was mentioned earlier in verse 136.

(2) The second custom was that they would release animals they called Bahirah and Sa'ibah in the name of idols and said that they were doing it for the pleasure of Allah. Here too, the portion allotted to idols was that the act of worship was intended for them - and the portion allotted to Allah was that they aimed to please Allah.

(3) The third custom was that of killing their female children.

(4) The fourth custom was that they would endow some tillage in the name of idols saying that only men could use its produce. Giving or not giving a share from it to women depended on their will. Women had no right to demand.

(5) They would do the same thing with cattle when they would restrict their use for men only.

(6) They considered the quadruped animals they released in the name of idols as unlawful for purposes of riding or carrying loads.

(7) There were quadruped animals they would specify. Using them at any time, they would not pronounce the name of Allah, neither when milking, nor when riding and nor when slaughtering.

(8) The eighth custom was that they would release animals in the name of idols, naming them as Bahirah or Sa'ibah. When, at the time

of slaughter, the calf came out alive, they would slaughter it as well - but, would take it as lawful for men only; for women, they took it to be unlawful - and if the calf was born still, it was supposed to be lawful for everyone.

(9) Even milk from some animals was considered lawful for men and unlawful for women.

(10) They took reverence for four kinds of animals: Bahirah, Sa'ibah, Wasilah and Hami, as an act of worship.

[ All these narrations appear in Ad-Durr Al-Manthur and Ruh al-Mani from Sayyidna Ibn ` Abbas, Mujahid, Ibn Zayd and As-Suddiy with exegetic deductions of Ibn al-Mundhir, Ibn Abi Hatim, Ibn Abi Ash-Shaybah and Ibn Humayd) [ As in Bayn al-Qur'an of Maulana Thanavi ]