42:38 Ash-Shura (Consultation)

{ وَالَّذِينَ اسْتَجَابُوا لِرَبِّهِمْ } أي: انقادوا لطاعته، ولبَّوْا دعوته، وصار قصدهم رضوانه، وغايتهم الفوز بقربه.ومن الاستجابة للّه، إقامة الصلاة وإيتاء الزكاة، فلذلك عطفهما على ذلك، من باب عطف العام على الخاص، الدال على شرفه وفضله فقال: { وَأَقَامُوا الصَّلَاةَ } أي: ظاهرها وباطنها، فرضها ونفلها. { وَمِمَّا رَزَقْنَاهُمْ يُنْفِقُونَ } من النفقات الواجبة، كالزكاة والنفقة على الأقارب ونحوهم، والمستحبة، كالصدقات على عموم الخلق.{ وَأَمْرُهُمْ } الديني والدنيوي { شُورَى بَيْنَهُمْ } أي: لا يستبد أحد منهم برأيه في أمر من الأمور المشتركة بينهم، وهذا لا يكون إلا فرعا عن اجتماعهم وتوالفهم وتواددهم وتحاببهم وكمال عقولهم، أنهم إذا أرادوا أمرا من الأمور التي تحتاج إلى إعمال الفكر والرأي فيها، اجتمعوا لها وتشاوروا وبحثوا فيها، حتى إذا تبينت لهم المصلحة، انتهزوها وبادروها، وذلك كالرأي في الغزو والجهاد، وتولية الموظفين لإمارة أو قضاء، أو غيره، وكالبحث في المسائل الدينية عموما، فإنها من الأمور المشتركة، والبحث فيها لبيان الصواب مما يحبه الله، وهو داخل في هذه الآية.

أي اتبعوا رسله وأطاعوا أمره واجتنبوا زجره "وأقاموا الصلاة" وهي أعظم العبادات لله عز وجل "وأمرهم شورى بينهم" أي لا يبرمون أمرا حتى يتشاوروا فيه ليتساعدوا بآرائهم في مثل الحروب وما جرى مجراها كما قال تبارك وتعالى "وشاورهم في الأمر" الآية ولهذا كان صلى الله عليه وسلم يشاورهم في الحروب ونحوها ليطيب بذلك قلوبهم وهكذا لما حضرت عمر بن الخطاب رضي الله عنه الوفاة حين طعن جعل الأمر بعده شورى في ستة نفر وهم عثمان وعلي وطلحة والزبير وسعد وعبدالرحمن بن عوف رضي الله عنهم فاجتمع رأي الصحابة كلهم رضي الله عنهم على تقديم عثمان عليهم رضي الله عنهم "ومما رزقناهم ينفقون" وذلك بالإحسان إلى خلق الله الأقرب إليهم منهم فالأقرب.

The Attributes of Those Who deserve that which is with Allah

Here Allah points out the insignificance of this worldly life and its transient adornments and luxuries.

فَمَآ أُوتِيتُمْ مِّن شَىْءٍ فَمَتَـعُ الْحَيَوةِ الدُّنْيَا

(So whatever you have been given is but (a passing) enjoyment for this worldly life.) means, no matter what you achieve and amass, do not be deceived by it, for it is only the enjoyment of this life, which is the lower, transient realm that will undoubtedly come to an end.

وَمَا عِندَ اللَّهِ خَيْرٌ وَأَبْقَى

(but that which is with Allah is better and more lasting) means, the reward of Allah is better than this world, and it will last forever, so do not give preference to that which is transient over that which is lasting. Allah says:

لِلَّذِينَ ءَامَنُواْ

(for those who believe) means, for those who are patient in forgoing the pleasures of this world,

وَعَلَى رَبِّهِمْ يَتَوَكَّلُونَ

(and put their trust in their Lord.) means, so that He will help them to be patient in doing what is obligatory and avoiding what is forbidden. Then Allah says:

وَالَّذِينَ يَجْتَنِبُونَ كَبَـئِرَ الإِثْمِ وَالْفَوَحِشَ

(And those who shun the greater sins, and Al-Fawahish,) We have already discussed sin and Al-Fawahish in Surat Al-A`raf.

وَإِذَا مَا غَضِبُواْ هُمْ يَغْفِرُونَ

(and when they are angry, they forgive.) means, their nature dictates that they should forgive people and be tolerant. Vengeance is not in their nature. It was reported in the Sahih that the Messenger of Allah ﷺ  never took revenge for his own sake, only when the sacred Laws of Allah were violated.

وَالَّذِينَ اسْتَجَابُواْ لِرَبِّهِمْ

(And those who answer the Call of their Lord,) means, they follow His Messenger and obey His commands and avoid that which He has prohibited.

وَأَقَامُواْ الصَّلَوةَ

(and perform As-Salah) -- which is the greatest act of worship of Allah, may He be glorified.

وَأَمْرُهُمْ شُورَى بَيْنَهُمْ

(and who (conduct) their affairs by mutual consultation,) means, they do not make a decision without consulting one another on the matter so that they can help one another by sharing their ideas concerning issues such as wars and other matters. This is like the Ayah:

وَشَاوِرْهُمْ فِى الاٌّمْرِ

(and consult them in the affairs) (3:159). The Prophet used to consult with them concerning wars and other matters, so that they would feel confidant. When `Umar bin Al-Khattab, may Allah be pleased with him, was dying, after he had been stabbed, he entrusted the choice of the next Khalifah to six people who were to be consulted. They were `Uthman, `Ali, Talhah, Az-Zubayr, Sa`id and `Abdur-Rahman bin `Awf, may Allah be pleased with them all. Then all of the Companions, may Allah be pleased with them, agreed to appoint `Uthman as their leader.

وَمِمَّا رَزَقْنَـهُمْ يُنفِقُونَ

(and who spend of what We have bestowed on them.) this means kindly treating the creation of Allah, starting with those who are closest, then the next closest, and so on.

وَالَّذِينَ إِذَآ أَصَابَهُمُ الْبَغْىُ هُمْ يَنتَصِرُونَ

(And those who, when an oppressive wrong is done to them, take revenge.) ameans, they have the strength to take revenge on those who commit aggressive wrong and hostile acts against them. They are not incapable of doing so and they are not helpless; they are able to take revenge against those who transgress against them, even though when they have the power to take revenge, they prefer to forgive, as when Yusuf, peace be upon him, said to his brothers:

لاَ تَثْرَيبَ عَلَيْكُمُ الْيَوْمَ يَغْفِرُ اللَّهُ لَكُمْ

(No reproach on you this day; may Allah forgive you) (12: 92). even though he was in a position to take revenge on them for what they had done to him. The Messenger of Allah ﷺ  forgave the eighty people who intended to do him harm during the year of Al-Hudaybiyah, camping by the mountain of At-Tan`im. When he overpowered them, he set them free, even though he was in a position to take revenge on them. He also forgave Ghawrath bin Al-Harith who wanted to kill him and unsheathed his sword while he was sleeping. The Prophet woke up to find him pointing the sword at him. He reproached him angrily and the sword dropped. Then the Messenger of Allah ﷺ picked up the sword and called his Companions He told them what had happened, and he forgave the man. There are many similar Hadiths and reports. And Allah knows best.

and those who answer their Lord those who respond to what He has summoned them in the way of affirming His Oneness and worship of Him and observe prayer maintaining it regularly and whose courses of action those courses of action that seem good to them are a matter of counsel between them in which they consult one another and do not act hastily and who of what We have bestowed on them expend in obedience to God — such mentioned individuals constitute one category;

Fourth virtue: وَالَّذِينَ اسْتَجَابُوا لِرَ‌بِّهِمْ وَأَقَامُوا الصَّلَاةَ (and those who have responded to their Lord [ in submission to Him ] and have established Salah - 38,). ` Responding to the Lord' means to accept Allah's orders immediately, without questioning them, and get ready to obey them, irrespective of whether the order is or is not according to one's liking. This includes carrying out all the obligatory duties and avoiding all the things considered unlawful and undesirable in Islam. But salah being the most important of all the obligations, and having the quality of enabling discharge of other duties and avoidance of unlawful things, has been mentioned prominently.

The fifth virtue: وَأَمْرُ‌هُمْ شُورَ‌ىٰ بَيْنَهُمْ (whose affairs are settled with consultation between them - 38). The sense is that in all important affairs where the Shari'ah is silent, they thy consult each other. ` Affairs' have been qualified by us with the word ` important', because the word 'Amr' used in the text signifies importance in common usage. It has been clarified in the explanation of the verse (وَشَاوِرْ‌هُمْ فِي الْأَمْرِ‌) And consult them in the matter - 3:159) of surah ` Al-'Imran that important affairs include affairs of the state as well as important affairs in general. Ibn Kathir has stated that consultation in the important affairs of the state is compulsory. The selection of the head of the state through consultation, ordained by Islam, brought to an end the autocratic rule of kings of the days of ignorance who used to take the state as an inherited estate. As such, Islam laid the foundation of real democracy by ending autocracy. But Islam, unlike western democracies, has not given total authority to the public. There are certain restrictions on the members of the advisory body. So the system of government in Islam is a very moderate one, quite apart from autocracy and western democracy. Please see details in the second volume of Ma'arif ul Qur'an from page 227 to 238.

Imam Jassas has stated in Ahkam-ul-Qur'an that this verse has made the importance of consultation evident, and we are under orders to consult wise and far sighted people for taking action in important matters requiring advice, and not to act hurriedly relying only on ourselves.

Importance of consultation and its process

Khatib Baghdadi has narrated the following statement of Sayyidna Ali ؓ asked the Holy Prophet ﷺ that if, after you we face a situation about which neither the Qur'an has any specific ruling, nor have you given any direction, how should we proceed'?" The Holy Prophet ﷺ replied by saying,

اجمعوالہ العابدین من اُمّتی واجعلوہ بینکم شورٰی ولا تقضوا برأی واحد

"In such a case, assemble abidin (the worshipping people) of my ummah, and decide the matter by mutual consultation; do not take decision on any individual's single opinion." (Ruh-ul-Ma’ ani, referring to Khatib)

In some versions of this narration, the word 'fuqaha' (jurists) also appears alongwith abidin (the worshipping people) which means that the jurists who have understanding of the religion and worshipers are the ones who should be consulted.

The author of Ruh-ul-Ma’ ani has stated that if the above process is not followed in consultation, rather irreligious people and people without proper knowledge of religion are consulted, the ill effects would prevail upon the good in their advice.

Baihaqi (رح) has narrated in Shu` ab-ul-'Iman from Sayyidna Ibn Umar ؓ that the Holy Prophet ﷺ has said, "Anyone who intends to do something, and he takes that action after consultation, Allah Ta’ ala would guide him towards the best possible option." It means that He will turn that person's direction towards an option that results in his betterment. A similar hadith reported by Sayyidna Hasan ؓ has been reproduced by Bukhari in Al-Adab-ul-Mufrad, and by ` Abd Ibn Humaid in his Musnad that the Holy Prophet ﷺ ، after reciting-the above verse, said:

ما تشاور قوم قط الا ھدوا لأرشد أمرھم

"When a nation takes an action after mutual consultation, it is surely guided towards the correct course."

As reported in a hadith, the Holy Prophet ﷺ said, "So far as your rulers are the best among you, your rich people are generous (enough to spend in the way of Allah and on poor people) and your affairs are decided through mutual consultation, then the back of the earth would be better for you than its belly (i.e. the life would be better than death) but when your rulers are the worst from among you, your rich people are misers and your affairs are given in the charge of women, then the belly of the earth will be better for you than its back (i.e. death will be better than life). (Ruh-ul-Ma’ ani)

Sixth virtue:- مِمَّا رَ‌زَقْنَاهُمْ يُنفِقُونَ (who spend out of what We have given to them - 38) It refers to spending for virtuous deeds, such as zakah, obligatory and optional alms. Qur'an usually mentions zakah and sadaqat (alms) immediately after salah. But the mention of mutual consultation immediately after salah and the mention of Zakah after it is perhaps to attract attention to the possibility of utilizing the five times daily salah congregation in mosques for the purpose of consultation also in matters which require mutual consultation. (Ruh-ul-Ma'ani)