42:37 Ash-Shura (Consultation)

{ وَالَّذِينَ يَجْتَنِبُونَ كَبَائِرَ الْإِثْمِ وَالْفَوَاحِشَ } والفرق بين الكبائر والفواحش -مع أن جميعهما كبائر- أن الفواحش هي الذنوب الكبار التي في النفوس داع إليها، كالزنا ونحوه، والكبائر ما ليس كذلك، هذا عند الاقتران، وأما مع إفراد كل منهما عن الآخر فإن الآخر يدخل فيه.{ وَإِذَا مَا غَضِبُوا هُمْ يَغْفِرُونَ } أي: قد تخلقوا بمكارم الأخلاق ومحاسن الشيم، فصار الحلم لهم سجية، وحسن الخلق لهم طبيعة حتى إذا أغضبهم أحد بمقاله أو فعاله، كظموا ذلك الغضب فلم ينفذوه، بل غفروه، ولم يقابلوا المسيء إلا بالإحسان والعفو والصفح.فترتب على هذا العفو والصفح، من المصالح ودفع المفاسد في أنفسهم وغيرهم شيء كثير، كما قال تعالى: { ادْفَعْ بِالَّتِي هِيَ أَحْسَنُ فَإِذَا الَّذِي بَيْنَكَ وَبَيْنَهُ عَدَاوَةٌ كَأَنَّهُ وَلِيٌّ حَمِيمٌ وَمَا يُلَقَّاهَا إِلَّا الَّذِينَ صَبَرُوا وَمَا يُلَقَّاهَا إِلَّا ذُو حَظٍّ عَظِيمٍ }

قال الإمام أحمد حدثنا أبو معاوية حدثنا الأعمش عن شقيق عن عبدالله قال: قال رسول الله صلى الله عليه وسلم "لا أحد أغير من الله فلذلك حرم الفواحش ما ظهر منها وما بطن ولا أحد أحب إليه المدح من الله" أخرجاه في الصحيحين من حديث سليمان بن مهران الأعمش عن شقيق عن أبي وائل عن عبدالله بن مسعود. "وإذا ما غضبوا هم يغفرون" أي سجيتهم تقتضي الصفح والعفو عن الناس ليس سجيتهم الانتقام من الناس وقد ثبت في الصحيح أن رسول الله صلى الله عليه وسلم ما انتقم لنفسه قط إلا أن تنتهك حرمات الله. وفي حديث آخر كان يقول لأحدنا عند المعتبة "ماله تربت يمينه" وقال ابن أبي حاتم حدثنا أبي حدثنا ابن أبي عمر حدثنا سفيان عن زائدة عن منصور عن إبراهيم قال: كان المؤمنون يكرهون أن يستذلوا وكانوا إذا قدروا عفوا.

The Attributes of Those Who deserve that which is with Allah

Here Allah points out the insignificance of this worldly life and its transient adornments and luxuries.

فَمَآ أُوتِيتُمْ مِّن شَىْءٍ فَمَتَـعُ الْحَيَوةِ الدُّنْيَا

(So whatever you have been given is but (a passing) enjoyment for this worldly life.) means, no matter what you achieve and amass, do not be deceived by it, for it is only the enjoyment of this life, which is the lower, transient realm that will undoubtedly come to an end.

وَمَا عِندَ اللَّهِ خَيْرٌ وَأَبْقَى

(but that which is with Allah is better and more lasting) means, the reward of Allah is better than this world, and it will last forever, so do not give preference to that which is transient over that which is lasting. Allah says:

لِلَّذِينَ ءَامَنُواْ

(for those who believe) means, for those who are patient in forgoing the pleasures of this world,

وَعَلَى رَبِّهِمْ يَتَوَكَّلُونَ

(and put their trust in their Lord.) means, so that He will help them to be patient in doing what is obligatory and avoiding what is forbidden. Then Allah says:

وَالَّذِينَ يَجْتَنِبُونَ كَبَـئِرَ الإِثْمِ وَالْفَوَحِشَ

(And those who shun the greater sins, and Al-Fawahish,) We have already discussed sin and Al-Fawahish in Surat Al-A`raf.

وَإِذَا مَا غَضِبُواْ هُمْ يَغْفِرُونَ

(and when they are angry, they forgive.) means, their nature dictates that they should forgive people and be tolerant. Vengeance is not in their nature. It was reported in the Sahih that the Messenger of Allah ﷺ  never took revenge for his own sake, only when the sacred Laws of Allah were violated.

وَالَّذِينَ اسْتَجَابُواْ لِرَبِّهِمْ

(And those who answer the Call of their Lord,) means, they follow His Messenger and obey His commands and avoid that which He has prohibited.

وَأَقَامُواْ الصَّلَوةَ

(and perform As-Salah) -- which is the greatest act of worship of Allah, may He be glorified.

وَأَمْرُهُمْ شُورَى بَيْنَهُمْ

(and who (conduct) their affairs by mutual consultation,) means, they do not make a decision without consulting one another on the matter so that they can help one another by sharing their ideas concerning issues such as wars and other matters. This is like the Ayah:

وَشَاوِرْهُمْ فِى الاٌّمْرِ

(and consult them in the affairs) (3:159). The Prophet used to consult with them concerning wars and other matters, so that they would feel confidant. When `Umar bin Al-Khattab, may Allah be pleased with him, was dying, after he had been stabbed, he entrusted the choice of the next Khalifah to six people who were to be consulted. They were `Uthman, `Ali, Talhah, Az-Zubayr, Sa`id and `Abdur-Rahman bin `Awf, may Allah be pleased with them all. Then all of the Companions, may Allah be pleased with them, agreed to appoint `Uthman as their leader.

وَمِمَّا رَزَقْنَـهُمْ يُنفِقُونَ

(and who spend of what We have bestowed on them.) this means kindly treating the creation of Allah, starting with those who are closest, then the next closest, and so on.

وَالَّذِينَ إِذَآ أَصَابَهُمُ الْبَغْىُ هُمْ يَنتَصِرُونَ

(And those who, when an oppressive wrong is done to them, take revenge.) ameans, they have the strength to take revenge on those who commit aggressive wrong and hostile acts against them. They are not incapable of doing so and they are not helpless; they are able to take revenge against those who transgress against them, even though when they have the power to take revenge, they prefer to forgive, as when Yusuf, peace be upon him, said to his brothers:

لاَ تَثْرَيبَ عَلَيْكُمُ الْيَوْمَ يَغْفِرُ اللَّهُ لَكُمْ

(No reproach on you this day; may Allah forgive you) (12: 92). even though he was in a position to take revenge on them for what they had done to him. The Messenger of Allah ﷺ  forgave the eighty people who intended to do him harm during the year of Al-Hudaybiyah, camping by the mountain of At-Tan`im. When he overpowered them, he set them free, even though he was in a position to take revenge on them. He also forgave Ghawrath bin Al-Harith who wanted to kill him and unsheathed his sword while he was sleeping. The Prophet woke up to find him pointing the sword at him. He reproached him angrily and the sword dropped. Then the Messenger of Allah ﷺ picked up the sword and called his Companions He told them what had happened, and he forgave the man. There are many similar Hadiths and reports. And Allah knows best.

and those who avoid grave sins and indecencies those acts that require the implementing of the prescribed legal punishments hudūd the supplement above is an example of supplementing the part to the whole and who when they are angry forgive they let it pass;

Second virtue: الَّذِينَ يَجْتَنِبُونَ كَبَائِرَ‌ الْإِثْمِ وَالْفَوَاحِشَ (those who abstain from the major sins and from shameless acts - 37). What are major sins? Details have already been stated in the commentary of Surah Nisa'; the author has also given a complete list of major and minor sins in his booklet in Urdu published under the little of "Gunah-e- bay ladhdhat گناہ بےلذّت .

The wisdom behind specially mentioning shameless acts, apart from all the other major sins, is that they are not only graver, but also infectious in that they influence others also. Shameless acts include adultery and the acts that precede it as preludes, and those bad deeds which are committed brazenly in public, because they corrupt the whole society and their liability is also very severe.

Third virtue: وَإِذَا مَا غَضِبُوا هُمْ يَغْفِرُ‌ونَ (and when they get angry, they forgive - 37) This is a moral quality of the highest order, because when love and anger prevail upon someone, they make him blind and deaf, and he loses his ability to distinguish right from wrong, and true from false, rather, he cannot appreciate the results of his own actions. The one who is angry tries his utmost to vent his anger fully upon the one with whom he is angry. That is why Allah Ta’ ala has defined this quality of Mu'mins and virtuous persons that when they are angry, they not only maintain the limits of right and wrong, but also forgo their justified rights.