24:36 An-Noor (The Light)

أي: يتعبد لله { فِي بُيُوتٍ } عظيمة فاضلة، هي أحب البقاع إليه، وهي المساجد. { أَذِنَ اللَّهُ } أي: أمر ووصى { أَنْ تُرْفَعَ وَيُذْكَرَ فِيهَا اسْمُهُ } هذان مجموع أحكام المساجد، فيدخل في رفعها، بناؤها، وكنسها، وتنظيفها من النجاسة والأذى، وصونها من المجانين والصبيان الذين لا يتحرزون عن النجاسة، وعن الكافر، وأن تصان عن اللغو فيها، ورفع الأصوات بغير ذكر الله.{ وَيُذْكَرَ فِيهَا اسْمُهُ } يدخل في ذلك الصلاة كلها، فرضها، ونفلها، وقراءة القرآن، والتسبيح، والتهليل، وغيره من أنواع الذكر، وتعلم العلم وتعليمه، والمذاكرة فيها، والاعتكاف، وغير ذلك من العبادات التي تفعل في المساجد، ولهذا كانت عمارة المساجد على قسمين: عمارة بنيان، وصيانة لها، وعمارة بذكر اسم الله، من الصلاة وغيرها، وهذا أشرف القسمين، ولهذا شرعت الصلوات الخمس والجمعة في المساجد، وجوبا عند أكثر العلماء، أو استحبابا عند آخرين. ثم مدح تعالى عمارها بالعبادة فقال: { يُسَبِّحُ لَهُ } إخلاصا { بِالْغُدُوِّ } أول النهار { وَالْآصَالِ } آخره خص هذين الوقتين لشرفهما ولتيسر السير فيهما إلى الله وسهولته. ويدخل في ذلك، التسبيح في الصلاة وغيرها، ولهذا شرعت أذكار الصباح والمساء وأورادهما عند الصباح والمساء.

لما ضرب الله تعالى مثل قلب المؤمن وما فيه من الهدى والعلم بالمصباح في الزجاجة الصافية المتوقد من زيت طيب وذلك كالقنديل مثلا ذكر محلها وهي المساجد التي هي أحب البقاع إلى الله تعالى من الأرض وهي بيوته التي يعبد فيها ويوحد فقال تعالى "في بيوت أذن الله أن ترفع" أي أمر الله تعالى بتعاهدها وتطهيرها من الدنس واللغو والأقوال والأفعال التي لا تليق فيها كما قال علي بن أبي طلحة عن ابن عباس فى هذه الآية الكريمة "في بيوت أذن الله أن ترفع "قال نهي الله سبحانه عن اللغو فيها وكذا قال عكرمة وأبو صالح والضحاك ونافع بن جبير وأبو بكر بن سليمان بن أبي خيثمة وسفيان بن حسين وغيرهم من العلماء المفسرين. وقال قتادة هي هذه المساجد أمر الله سبحانه وتعالى ببنائها وعمارتها ورفعها وتطهيرها. وقد ذكر لنا أن كعبا كان يقول: مكتوب في التوراة إن بيوتي في الأرض المساجد وإنه من توضأ فأحسن وضوءه ثم زارني في بيتي أكرمته وحق على المزور كرامة الزائر. رواه عبدالرحمن ابن أبي حاتم في تفسيره. وقد وردت أحاديث كثيرة فى بناء المساجد واحترامها وتوقيرها وتطييبها وتبخيرها وذلك له محل مفرد يذكر فيه وقد كتبت في ذلك جزءا علي حدة ولله الحمد والمنة. ونحن بعون الله تعالي نذكر هنا طرفا من ذلك إن شاء الله تعالى وبه الثقة وعليه التكلان فعن أمير المؤمنين عثمان بن عفان رضي الله عنه قال سمعت رسول الله صلى الله عليه وسلم يقول "من بني مسجدا يبتغي به وجه الله بني الله له مثله" في الجنة"أخرجاه في الصحيحين وروى ابن ماجه عن عمر بن الخطاب رضي الله عنه قال: قال رسول الله صلى الله عليه وسلم "من بنى مسجدا يذكر فيه اسم الله بني الله له بيتا في الجنه" وللنسائي عن عمر بن عنبسة مثله والأحاديث في هذا كثيرة جدا وعن عائشة رضي الله عنها قالت: أمرنا رسول الله صلى الله عليه وسلم ببناء المساجد في الدور وأن تنظف وتطيب. رواه أحمد وأهل السنن إلا النسائي ولأحمد وأبي داود عن سمرة بن جندب نحوه وقال البخاري قال عمر: ابن للناس ما يكنهم وإياك أن تحمر أو تصفر فتفتن الناس وروى ابن ماجه قال: قال رسول الله صلى الله عليه وسلم "ما ساء عمل قوم قط إلا زخرفوا مساجدهم"وفي إسناده ضعف. وروى أبو داود عن ابن عباس قال: قال رسول الله صلى الله عليه وسلم "ما أمرت بتشييد المساجد"قال ابن عباس أزخرفها كما زخرفت اليهود والنصارى. وعن أنس رضي الله عنه قال: قال رسول الله صلى الله عليه وسلم "لا تقوم الساعة حتى يتباهى الناس في المساجد" رواه أحمد وأهل السنن إلا الترمذي. وعن بريدة أن رجلا أنشد في المسجد فقال من دعا إلى الجمل الأحمر فقال النبي صلى الله عليه وسلم "لا وجدت إنما بنيت المساجد لما بنيت له" رواه مسلم. وعن عمرو بن شعيب عن أبيه عن جده قال: نهى رسول الله صلى الله عليه وسلم عن البيع والابتياع وعن تناشد الأشعار في المساجد. رواه أحمد وأهل السنن وقال الترمذي حسن. وعن أبي هريرة رضي الله عنه أن رسول الله صلى الله عليه وسلم قال "إذا رأيتم من يبيع أو يبتاع في المسجد فقولوا لا أربح الله تجارتك وإذا رأيتم من ينشد ضالة في المسجد فقولوا لا ردها الله عليك" رواه الترمذي وقال حسن غريب وقد روى ابن ماجه وغيره من حديث ابن عمر مرفوعا قال: "خصال لا تنبغي في المسجد: ولا يتخذ طريقا ولا يشهر فيه سلاح ولا ينبض فيه بقوس ولا ينثر فيه نبل ولا يمر فيه بلحم نيء ولا يضرب فيه حد ولا يقتص فيه أحد ولا يتخذ سوقا" وعن واثلة بن الأسقع عن رسول الله صلى الله عليه وسلم قال "جنبوا المساجد صبيانكم ومجانينكم وشراءكم وبيعكم وخصوماتكم ورفع أصواتكم وإقامة حدودكم وسل سيوفكم واتخذوا على أبوابها المطاهر وجمروها في الجمع" ورواه ابن ماجه أيضا وفي إسنادهما ضعف أما أنه لا يتخذ طريقا فقد كره بعض العلماء المرور فيه إلا لحاجة إذا وجد مندوحة عنه وفي الأثر إن الملائكة لتتعجب من الرجل يمر بالمسجد لا يصلي فيه وأما أنه لا يشهر فيه السلاح ولا ينبض فيه بقوس ولا ينثر فيه نبل فلما يخشي من إصابة بعض الناس به لكثرة المصلين فيه ولهذا أمر رسول الله صلى الله عليه وسلم إذا مر رجل بسهام أن يقبض على نصالها لئلا يؤذي أحدا كما ثبت ذلك فى الصحيح. وأما النهي عن المرور باللحم النيء فيه فلما يخشي من تقاطر الدم منه كما نهيت الحائض عن المرور فيه إذا خافت التلويث وأما أنه لا يضرب فيه حد ولا يقتص منه فلما يخشي من إيجاد النجاسة فيه من المضروب أو المقطوع وأما أنه لا يتخذ سوقا فلما تقدم من النهي عن البيع والشراء فيه فإنه إنما بني لذكر الله والصلاة فيه كما قال النبي صلى الله عليه وسلم لذلك الأعرابي الذي بال في طائفة المسجد "إن المساجد لم تبن لهذا إنما بنيت لذكر الله والصلاة فيها" ثم أمر بسجل من ماء فأهريق على بوله وفي الحديث الثاني "جنبوا مساجدكم صبيانكم" وذلك لأنهم يلعبون فيه ولا يناسبهم. وقد كان عمر بن الخطاب "إذا رأى صبيانا يلعبون فى المسجد ضربهم بالمخفقة" وهي الدرة وكان يفتش المسجد بعد العشاء فلا يترك فيه أحدا "ومجانينكم" يعني لأجل ضعف عقولهم وسخر الناس بهم فيؤدي إلى اللعب فيها ولما يخشي من تقذيرهم المسجد ونحو ذلك "وبيعكم وشراءكم" كما تقدم "وخصوماتكم" يعني التحاكم والحكم فيه ولهذا نص كثير من العلماء على أن الحاكم لا ينتصب لفصل الأقضية في المسجد بل يكون فى موضع غيره لما فيه من كثرة الحكومات والتشاجر والألفاظ التي لا تناسبه ولهذا قال بعده "ورفع أصواتكم". وقال البخاري: حدثنا علي بن عبدالله حدثنا يحيي بن سعيد حدثنا الجعد بن عبدالرحمن قال: حدثني يزيد بن حفصة عن السائب بن يزيد الكندي قال: كنت قائما في المسجد فحصبني رجل فنظرت فإذا عمر بن الخطاب فقال: اذهب فائتني بهذين فجئته بهما فقال من أنتما؟ أو من أين أنتما؟ قالا من أهل الطائف. قال: لو كنتما من أهل البلد لأوجعتكما ترفعان أصواتكما في مسجد رسول الله صلى الله عليه وسلم وقال النسائي: حدثنا سويد بن نصر عن عبدالله بن المبارك عن شعبة عن سعد بن إبراهيم عن أبيه إبراهيم بن عبدالرحمن بن عوف قال: سمع عمر صوت رجل في المسجد فقال أتدري أين أنت؟ وهذا أيضا صحيح وقوله: "وإقامة حدودكم وسل سيوفكم" تقدما وقوله "واتخذوا على أبوابها المطاهر" يعنى المراحيض التي يستعان بها على الوضوء وقضاء الحاجة. وقد كانت قريبا من مسجد رسول الله صلى الله عليه وسلم أباريق يستقون منها فيشربون ويتطهرون ويتوضئون وغير ذلك. وقوله "وجمروها في الجمع" يعني بخروها في أيام الجمع لكثرة اجتماع الناس يومئذ وقد قال الحافظ أبو يعلي الموصلي حدثنا عبيد الله حدثنا عبد الرحمن بن مهدي عن عبدالله بن عمر عن نافع عن ابن عمر أن عمر كان يجمر مسجد رسول الله صلى الله عليه وسلم كل جمعة إسناده حسن لا بأس به والله أعلم. وقد ثبت في الصحيحين أن رسول الله صلى الله عليه وسلم قال: "صلاة الرجل في الجماعة تضعف على صلاته في بيته وفي سوقه خمسا وعشرين ضعفا" وذلك أنه إذا توضأ فأحسن الوضوء ثم خرج إلى المسجد لا يخرجه إلا الصلاة لم يخط خطوة إلا رفع له بها درجة وحط عنه بها خطيئة فإذا صلي لم تزل الملائكة تصلي عليه ما دام في مصلاه: اللهم صل عليه اللهم ارحمه. ولا يزال في صلاة ما انتظر الصلاة. وعند الدارقطني مرفوعا "لا صلاة لجار المسجد إلا في المسجد" وفي السنن "بشر المشائين إلى المساجد في الظلم بالنور التام يوم القيامة" ويستحب لمن دخل المسجد أن يبدأ برجله اليمني وأن يقول كما ثبت في أبي داود عن عبدالله بن عمرو رضي الله عنهما عن رسول الله صلى الله عليه وسلم أنه كان إذا دخل المسجد يقول "أعوذ بالله العظيم وبوجهه الكريم وسلطانه القديم من الشيطان الرجيم" قال فإذا قال ذلك قال الشيطان حفظ مني سائر اليوم. وروى مسلم بسنده عن أبي حميد أو أبي أسيد قال: قال رسول الله صلى الله عليه وسلم "إذا دخل أحدكم المسجد فليقل: اللهم افتح لي أبواب رحمتك. وإذا خرج فليقل: اللهم افتح لي أبواب فضلك" ورواه النسائي عنهما عن النبي صلى الله عليه وسلم وعن أبي هريرة رضي الله عنه قال: قال رسول الله صلى الله عليه وسلم "إذا دخل أحدكم المسجد فليسلم علي النبي صلى الله عليه وسلم وليقل: اللهم افتح لى أبواب رحمتك وإذا خرج فليسلم على النبي صلى الله عليه وسلم وليقل: اللهم اعصمني من الشيطان الرجيم" ورواه ابن ماجه وابن خزيمة وابن حبان في صحيحيهما وقال الإمام أحمد حدثنا إسماعيل بن إبراهيم حدثنا ليث بن أبي سليم عن عبدالله بن حسين عن أمه فاطمة بنت حسين عن جدتها فاطمة بنت رسول الله صلى الله عليه وسلم قالت: كان رسول الله صلى الله عليه وسلم إذا دخل المسجد صلي على محمد وسلم ثم قال "اللهم اغفر لي ذنوبي وافتح لي أبواب رحمتك" وإذا خرج خرج صلي على محمد وسلم ثم قال "اللهم اغفر لي ذنوبي وافتح لي أبواب فضلك" ورواه الترمذي وابن ماجه وقال الترمذي هذا حديث حسن وإسناده ليس بمتصل لأن فاطمة بنت حسين الصغرى لم تدرك فاطمة الكبرى فهذا الذي ذكرناه مع ما تركناه من الأحاديث الواردة في ذلك كله محاذرة الطول داخل في قوله تعالي "في بيوت أذن الله أن ترفع" وقوله "ويذكر فيها اسمه" أي اسم الله كقوله "يا بني آدم خذوا زينتكم عند كل مسجد" وقوله "وأقيموا وجوهكم عند كل مسجد وادعوه مخلصين له الدين" وقوله "وأن المساجد لله" الآية. وقوله تعالى "ويذكر فيها اسمه" قال ابن عباس يعني يتلي كتابه وقوله تعالى "يسبح له فيها بالغدو والآصال" أي في البكرات والعشيات. والآصال جمع أصيل وهو آخر النهار. وقال سعيد بن جبير عن ابن عباس: كل تسبيح في القرآن هو الصلاة وقال علي بن أبي طلحة عن ابن عباس: يعني بالغدو صلاة الغداة ويعني بالآصال صلاة العصر وهما أول ما افترض الله من الصلاة فأحب أن يذكرهما وأن يذكر بهما عبادة. وكذا قال الحسن والضحاك " يسبح له فيها بالغدو والآصال "يعني الصلاة ومن قرأ من القراء "يسبح له فيها بالغدو والآصال" فتح الباء من "يسبح" على أنه مبني لما لم يسم فاعله وقف على قوله "والآصال" وقفا تاما.

The Virtues of the Masjids, the Correct Etiquette, and the Virtues of Those who take care of them

Having likened the heart of the believer and what it contains of guidance and knowledge to a lamp lit with good oil shining in a clear glass, Allah then states where it belongs, which is in the Masjids, the places on earth that are most beloved to Allah. The Masjids are His houses where He Alone is worshipped. So Allah says:

فِى بُيُوتٍ أَذِنَ اللَّهُ أَن تُرْفَعَ

(In houses which Allah has ordered to be raised,) meaning, Allah has commanded that they be established and that they be kept clean of any filth, idle talk or words or deeds that are inappropriate. `Ali bin Abi Talhah reported from Ibn `Abbas concerning this Ayah:

فِى بُيُوتٍ أَذِنَ اللَّهُ أَن تُرْفَعَ

(In houses which Allah has ordered to be raised,) he said; "Allah forbade idle talk in them." This was also the view of `Ikrimah, Abu Salih, Ad-Dahhak, Nafi` bin Jubayr, Abu Bakr bin Sulayman bin Abi Hathamah, Sufyan bin Husayn and others among the scholars of Tafsir. Many Hadiths have been narrated concerning the construction of Masjids, honoring them, respecting them, and perfuming them with incense etc. This has been discussed in more detail elsewhere, and I have written a book dealing with this topic on its own, praise and blessings be to Allah. With Allah's help we will mention here a few of these Hadiths, if Allah wills. In Allah we put our trust and reliance. `Uthman bin `Affan, the Commander of the faithful, may Allah be pleased with him, said; "I heard the Messenger of Allah ﷺ say:

«مَنْ بَنَى مَسْجِدًا يَبْتَغِي بِهِ وَجْهَ اللهِ بَنَى اللهُ لَهُ مِثْلَهُ فِي الْجَنَّةِ»

(Whoever builds a Masjid seeking the Face of Allah, Allah will build for him something similar to it in Paradise.) It was narrated in the Two Sahihs. Ibn Majah narrated that `Umar bin Al-Khattab, may Allah be pleased with him, said; "The Messenger of Allah ﷺ said:

«مَنْ بَنَى مَسْجِدًا يُذْكَرُ فِيهِ اسْمُ اللهِ بَنَى اللهُ لَهُ بَيْتًا فِي الْجَنَّةِ»

(Whoever builds a Masjid in which the Name of Allah is remembered, Allah will build for him a house in Paradise.) An-Nasa'i mentioned something similar. There are very many Hadiths which say this. `A'ishah, may Allah be pleased with her, said: "The Messenger of Allah ﷺ commanded us to build Masjids among the houses, and to clean them and perfume them." This was recorded by Ahmad and the Sunan compilers with the exception of An-Nasa'i. Ahmad and Abu Dawud recorded a similar report from Samurah bin Jundub.Al-Bukhari said: "`Umar said: `Build for the people a place to worship Allah, and beware of using red or yellow for adornment and decoration and distracting the people thereby."' Abu Dawud narrated that Ibn `Abbas said, "The Messenger of Allah ﷺ said:

«مَا أُمِرْتُ بِتَشْيِيدِ الْمَسَاجِدِ»

(I was not commanded to Tashyid the Masjids.) Ibn `Abbas said, "Decorating them as the Jews and Christians did." Anas, may Allah be pleased with him, said, "The Messenger of Allah ﷺ said:

«لَا تَقُومُ السَّاعَةُ حَتَّى يَتَبَاهَى النَّاسُ فِي الْمَسَاجِدِ»

(The Hour will not come until people show off in building Masjids.) It was recorded by Ahmad and the compilers of the Sunan, with the exception of At-Tirmidhi.Buraydah narrated that a man called out in the Masjid and said, "Has any body said anything about a red camel" The Prophet said:

«لَا، وَجَدْتَ، إِنَّمَا بُنِيَتِ الْمَسَاجِدُ لِمَا بُنِيَتْ لَهُ»

(May you never find it! The Masjids were built only for what they were built for.) This was narrated by Muslim. Abu Hurayrah, may Allah be pleased with him, narrated that the Messenger of Allah ﷺ said:

«إِذَا رَأَيْتُمْ مَنْ يَبِيعُ أَوْ يَبْتَاعُ فِي الْمَسْجِدِ، فَقُولُوا: لَا أَرْبَحَ اللهُ تِجَارَتَكَ، وَإِذَا رَأَيْتُمْ مَنْ يَنْشُدُ ضَالَّةً فِي الْمَسْجِدِ فَقُولُوا: لَا رَدَّهَا اللهُ عَلَيْكَ»

(If you see someone buying or selling in the Masjid, say to him, "May Allah never make your business profitable!" And if you see someone calling out about lost property, say, "May Allah never return it to you!") This was recorded by At-Tirmidhi, who said: "Hasan Gharib." Al-Bukhari recorded that As-Sa'ib bin Yazid Al-Kindi said, "I was standing in the Masjid and a man threw pebbles at me, so I looked and saw `Umar bin Al-Khattab who said, `Go and bring me these two men.' I went and brought them to him, and he said, `Who are you' Or, `Where do you come from' They said, `We are from At-Ta'if.' `Umar said, `If you had been from this town I would have hit you, for you are raising your voices in the Masjid of the Messenger of Allah ﷺ ."' An-Nasa'i recorded that Ibrahim bin `Abdur-Rahman bin `Awf said: "`Umar heard the voice of a man in the Masjid and said: `Do you know where you are"' This is also Sahih. Al-Hafiz Abu Ya`la Al-Musili recorded from Ibn `Umar that `Umar used to burn incense in the Masjid of the Messenger of Allah ﷺ every Friday. Its chain of narration is Hasan and there is nothing wrong with it, Allah knows best. It is confirmed in the Two Sahihs that the Messenger of Allah ﷺ said:

«صَلَاةُ الرَّجُلِ فِي الْجَمَاعَةِ تُضَعَّفُ عَلَى صَلَاتِهِ فِي بَيْتِهِ وَفِي سُوقِهِ خَمْسًا وَعِشْرِينَ ضِعْفًاوَذَلِكَ أَنَّهُ إَذَا تَوَضَّأَ فَأَحْسَنَ وُضُوءَهُ ثُمَّ خَرَجَ إِلَى الْمَسْجِدِ لَا يُخْرِجُهُ إِلَّا الصَّلَاةُ لَمْ يَخْطُ خَطْوَةً إِلَّا رُفِعَ لَهُ بِهَا دَرَجَةٌ وَحُطَّ عَنْهُ بِهَا خَطِيئَةٌ. فَإِذَا صَلَّى لَمْ تَزَلِ الْمَلَائِكَةُ تُصَلِّي عَلَيْهِ مَا دَامَ فِي مُصَلَّاهُ: اللَّهُمَّ صَلِّ عَلَيْهِ، اللَّهُمَّ ارْحَمْهُ. وَلَا يَزَالُ فِي صَلَاةٍ مَا انْتَظَرَ الصَّلَاةَ»

(A man's prayer in congregation is twenty-five times better than his prayer in his house or the marketplace. That is because if he performs Wudu' and does it well, then he goes out to go to the Masjid, and for no other purpose than to pray, he does not take one step but he increases in one level in status and one sin is removed. When he prays, the angels continue sending blessings on him as long as he is in the place where he prays, they say, "O Allah, send blessings on him, O Allah, have mercy on him." And he will remain in a state of prayer as long as he is waiting for the prayer.) The following is recorded in the Sunan:

«بَشِّرِ الْمَشَّائِينَ إِلَى الْمَسَاجِدِ فِي الظُّلَمِ بِالنُّورِ التَّامِّ يَوْمَ الْقِيَامَةِ»

(Those who walk to the Masjids when it is dark, give them the glad tidings of complete Light on the Day of Resurrection.) When entering the Masjid, it is recommended to enter with one's right foot, and to say the supplication recorded in Sahih Al-Bukhari, where it is narrated from `Abdullah bin `Amr that the Messenger of Allah ﷺ used to say, when he entered the Masjid:

«أَعُوذُ بِاللهِ الْعَظِيمِ وَبِوَجْهِهِ الْكَرِيمِ، وَسُلْطَانِهِ الْقَدِيمِ، مِنَ الشَّيْطَانِ الرَّجِيمِ»

(I seek refuge with Allah Almighty and with His Noble Face, and with His Eternal Domain, from the accursed Shaytan.) He (one of the narrators) asked, `Is that all' He answered, `Yes'. If he says this, the Shaytan says: "He will be protected from me all day long." Muslim recorded that Abu Humayd or Abu Usayd said: The Messenger of Allah ﷺ said:

«إِذَا دَخَلَ أَحَدُكُمُ الْمَسْجِدَ فَلْيَقُلْ: اللَّهُمَّ افْتَحْ لِي أَبْوَابَ رَحْمَتِكَ.وَإِذَا خَرَجَ فَلْيَقُلْ: اللَّهُمَّ إِنِّي أَسْأَلُكَ مِنْ فَضْلِكَ»

(When anyone of you enters the Masjid, let him say: "O Allah, open the gates of Your mercy for me. And when he comes out, let him say: "O Allah, I ask You of Your bounty.") An-Nasa'i also recorded this from them from the Prophet . Abu Hurayrah, may Allah be pleased with him, said: The Messenger of Allah ﷺ said:

«إِذَا دَخَلَ أَحَدُكُمُ الْمَسْجِدَ فَلْيُسَلِّمْ عَلَى النَّبِيِّ. وَلْيَقُلِ: اللَّهُمَّ افْتَحْ لِي أَبْوَابَ رَحْمَتِكَ، وَإِذَا خَرَجَ فَلْيُسَلِّمْ عَلَى النَّبِيِّ وَلْيَقُلِ: اللَّهُمَّ اعْصِمْنِي مِنَ الشَّيْطَانِ الرَّجِيمِ»

(When anyone of you enters the Masjid, let him invoke blessings on the Prophet then let him say: "O Allah, open the gates of Your mercy for me." When he comes out, let him invoke blessings on the Prophet and say, "O Allah, protect me from the accursed Shaytan.") This was also recorded by Ibn Majah, as well as Ibn Khuzaymah and Ibn Hibban in their Sahihs.

وَيُذْكَرَ فِيهَا اسْمُهُ

(in them His Name is remembered.) meaning, the Name of Allah. This is like the Ayat:

يَـبَنِى ءَادَمَ خُذُواْ زِينَتَكُمْ عِندَ كُلِّ مَسْجِدٍ

(O Children of Adam! Take your adornment to every Masjid...) 7:31

وَأَقِيمُواْ وُجُوهَكُمْ عِندَ كُلِّ مَسْجِدٍ وَادْعُوهُ مُخْلِصِينَ لَهُ الدِّينَ

(and you should face (Him only) in each and every Masjid, and invoke Him only making your religion sincere to Him) 7:29.

وَأَنَّ الْمَسَـجِدَ لِلَّهِ

(And the Masjids are for Allah) 72:18.

وَيُذْكَرَ فِيهَا اسْمُهُ

(in them His Name is remembered.) Ibn `Abbas said, "This means that His Book is recited therein."

يُسَبِّحُ لَهُ فِيهَا بِالْغُدُوِّ وَالاٌّصَالِ

(Therein glorify Him in the mornings and in the evenings.)

رِجَالٌ لاَّ تُلْهِيهِمْ تِجَـرَةٌ وَلاَ بَيْعٌ عَن ذِكْرِ اللَّهِ

(Men whom neither trade nor business diverts from the remembrance of Allah) This is like the Ayat:

يأَيُّهَا الَّذِينَ ءَامَنُواْ لاَ تُلْهِكُمْ أَمْوَلُكُمْ وَلاَ أَوْلَـدُكُمْ عَن ذِكْرِ اللَّهِ

(O you who believe! Let not your properties or your children divert you from the remembrance of Allah.) 63:9

يأَيُّهَا الَّذِينَ ءَامَنُواْ إِذَا نُودِىَ لِلصَّلَوةِ مِن يَوْمِ الْجُمُعَةِ فَاسْعَوْاْ إِلَى ذِكْرِ اللَّهِ وَذَرُواْ الْبَيْعَ

(O you who believe! When the call is proclaimed for the Salah on Friday, hasten earnestly to the remembrance of Allah and leave off business.) 62:9 Allah says that this world and its adornments, attractions and marketplaces should not distract them from remembering their Lord Who created them and sustains them, those who know that what is with Him is better for them than what they themselves possess, because what they have is transient but that which is with Allah is eternal. Allah says:

لاَّ تُلْهِيهِمْ تِجَـرَةٌ وَلاَ بَيْعٌ عَن ذِكْرِ اللَّهِ وَإِقَامِ الصَّلَوةِ وَإِيتَآءِ الزَّكَـوةِ

(Men whom neither trade nor business diverts from the remembrance of Allah nor from performing the Salah nor from giving the Zakah). meaning, they give priority to obeying Allah and doing what He wants and what pleases Him over doing what they want and what pleases them. It was reported from Salim from `Abdullah bin `Umar that he was in the marketplace when the Iqamah for prayer was called, so they closed their stores and entered the Masjid. Ibn `Umar said: "Concerning them the Ayah was revealed:

رِجَالٌ لاَّ تُلْهِيهِمْ تِجَـرَةٌ وَلاَ بَيْعٌ عَن ذِكْرِ اللَّهِ

(Men whom neither trade nor business diverts from the remembrance of Allah)." This was recorded by Ibn Abi Hatim and Ibn Jarir.

لاَّ تُلْهِيهِمْ تِجَـرَةٌ وَلاَ بَيْعٌ عَن ذِكْرِ اللَّهِ

(Men whom neither trade nor business diverts from the remembrance of Allah). `Ali bin Abi Talhah reported that Ibn `Abbas said, "This meant from the prescribed prayers." This was also the view of Muqatil bin Hayyan and Ar-Rabi` bin Anas. As-Suddi said: "From prayer in congregation." Muqatil bin Hayyan said, "That does not distract them from attending the prayer and establishing it as Allah commanded them, and from doing the prayers at the prescribed times and doing all that Allah has enjoined upon them in the prayer."

يَخَـفُونَ يَوْماً تَتَقَلَّبُ فِيهِ الْقُلُوبُ وَالاٌّبْصَـرُ

(They fear a Day when hearts and eyes will be overturned.) means, the Day of Resurrection when people's hearts and eyes will be overturned, because of the intensity of the fear and terror of that Day. This is like the Ayah:

وَأَنذِرْهُمْ يَوْمَ الاٌّزِفَةِ

(And warn them of the Day that is drawing near...) 40:18,

إِنَّمَا يُؤَخِّرُهُمْ لِيَوْمٍ تَشْخَصُ فِيهِ الأَبْصَـرُ

(but He gives them respite up to a Day when the eyes will stare in horror) 14:42.

وَيُطْعِمُونَ الطَّعَامَ عَلَى حُبِّهِ مِسْكِيناً وَيَتِيماً وَأَسِيراً - إِنَّمَا نُطْعِمُكُمْ لِوَجْهِ اللَّهِ لاَ نُرِيدُ مِنكُمْ جَزَآءً وَلاَ شُكُوراً - إِنَّا نَخَافُ مِن رَّبِّنَا يَوْماً عَبُوساً قَمْطَرِيراً - فَوَقَـهُمُ اللَّهُ شَرَّ ذَلِكَ الْيَومِ وَلَقَّـهُمْ نَضْرَةً وَسُرُوراً - وَجَزَاهُمْ بِمَا صَبَرُواْ جَنَّةً وَحَرِيراً

(And they give food, inspite of their love for it, to the poor, the orphan, and the captive, (saying:) "We feed you seeking Allah's Face only. We wish for no reward, nor thanks from you. Verily, We fear from our Lord a Day, hard and distressful, that will make the faces look horrible." So Allah saved them from the evil of that Day, and gave them a light of beauty and joy. And their recompense shall be Paradise, and silken garments, because they were patient) 76:8-12. And Allah says here:

لِيَجْزِيَهُمُ اللَّهُ أَحْسَنَ مَا عَمِلُواْ

(That Allah may reward them according to the best of their deeds,) meaning, "They are those from whom We shall accept the best of their deeds and overlook their evil deeds."

وَيَزِيدَهُم مِّن فَضْلِهِ

(and add even more for them out of His grace.) means, He will accept their good deeds and multiply them for them, as Allah says:

إِنَّ اللَّهَ لاَ يَظْلِمُ مِثْقَالَ ذَرَّةٍ

(Surely, Allah wrongs not even of the weight of a speck of dust.) 4:40

مَن جَآءَ بِالْحَسَنَةِ فَلَهُ عَشْرُ أَمْثَالِهَا

(Whoever brings a good deed shall have ten times the like thereof to his credit.) 6:160

مَّن ذَا الَّذِى يُقْرِضُ اللَّهَ قَرْضًا حَسَنًا

(Who is he that will lend to Allah a goodly loan. ) 2:245

وَاللَّهُ يُضَـعِفُ لِمَن يَشَآءُ

(Allah gives manifold increase to whom He wills.) 2:261 And Allah says here:

وَاللَّهُ يَرْزُقُ مَن يَشَآءُ بِغَيْرِ حِسَابٍ

(And Allah provides without measure to whom He wills.)

In houses fī buyūtin is semantically connected to yusabbihu ‘glorify’ that will follow whose status God has allowed to be raised houses He has allowed to be venerated and wherein His Name is remembered through the affirmation of His Oneness therein they make glorifications read yusabbahu ‘glorifications are made’ or yusabbihu meaning ‘therein pray’ to Him in the mornings al-ghuduww is a verbal noun meaning al-ghadawāt ‘the early mornings’ and the evenings the darkness after sunset

فِي بُيُوتٍ أَذِنَ اللَّـهُ أَن تُرْ‌فَعَ وَيُذْكَرَ‌ فِيهَا اسْمُهُ يُسَبِّحُ لَهُ فِيهَا بِالْغُدُوِّ وَالْآصَالِ

(The guided people worship Allah) in the houses that Allah has permitted to be raised and where His name recounted and His purity is pronounced, in the morning and in the evening, - 36.

In the previous verse Allah Ta’ ala had given a unique example of placing His Nur of guidance in the heart of believers. Toward the end of the verse it was clarified that only those draw benefit from this Nur, whom Allah loves and grants Divine help. In the above verse those places and buildings are referred to where such believers spend most of their time, especially the five times of prayers. These are the buildings for which Allah Ta’ ala has instructed to keep them high in esteem, and where His name be remembered. The splendor of such buildings is that Allah's name is remembered there in the morning and evening. That is He is worshipped there all the time by the people, whose attributes will follow soon.

The above explanation is based on the assumption that فِي بُيُوتٍ (in the houses) has an association with the sentence يَهْدِي اللَّـهُ لِنُورِ‌هِ (Allah guides to this light whomsoever He wills). (Ibn Kathir etc.) Some others are of the opinion that it has a link with the word يُسَبِّحُ (His purity is pronounced), which is used later in the verse. But the first version appears more appropriate in the context of the subject. In that case the meaning of the verse would be that the Nur of guidance referred to in the example of the previous verse can be found in the buildings and houses where He is remembered all the time. There is consensus among commentators that here the word 'houses' is purported for mosques.

Mosques are houses of Allah and their respect is obligatory

Qurtubi has preferred the view that the word 'raised' used in the verse means to respect the mosques and has quoted the following hadith of Sayyidna 'Anas رضی اللہ تعالیٰ عنہ in support of his contention.

من احبّ اللہ عزّوجَلّ ، فلیحبّنی، ومن احبّنی فلیحبّ اصحابی، و من احبّ اصحابی فلیبّ القرآن، ومن احبّ القرآن فلیحبأ المساجد، فانھا افنیۃ اللہ اذن اللہ فی رفعھا وبارک فیھا میمونۃ میمون اھلھا محفوظۃ محفوظ أھلھا، ھم فی صلاتھم واللہ عزّوجَلّ فی حوایٔجھم ھم فی المساجد واللہ من ورایٔھم ۔ (قرطبی)

The Holy Prophet ﷺ said "Whoever wishes to love Allah should love me, and whoever wishes to love me should love my companions, and whoever wishes to love my companions should love the Qur'an, and whoever wishes to love Qur'an should love the mosques, because they are Allah's houses. Allah has enjoined to 'raise' them, and has made them blessed. They are blessed and those who live there are also blessed. They are in the protection of Allah; and those who live there are also in the protection of Allah. Those who are busy there in their prayers, Allah get their works done and fulfill their needs. While they are in the mosques Allah protects their household during their absence". (Qurtubi)

Meaning of raising of mosques

أَذِنَ اللَّـهُ أَن تُرْ‌فَعَ (That Allah has permitted to be raised - 36). The word أَذِنَ ('adhina) is derived from أَذِنَ ('idhn), which means to allow or give permission, and the word تُرْ‌فَعَ (turfa'a) is derived from (raf ), which means to raise, uplift or exalt. So, the meaning of this verse is that Allah has allowed the raising of the mosques. Here 'allowed' means 'enjoined', and 'raising' means 'to venerate'. Sayyidna Ibn ` Abbas ؓ ' has explained that Allah Ta’ ala has prohibited Muslims from talking or doing anything absurd in the mosques. (Ibn Kathir).

` Ikrimah and Mujahid رحمۃ اللہ علیہما the two Imams of Tafsir, are of the opinion that raising of the mosques carries here the sense of building the mosques in the same way as Qur'an says about the building of Ka’ bah وَإِذْ يَرْ‌فَعُ إِبْرَ‌اهِيمُ الْقَوَاعِدَ مِنَ الْبَيْتِ (And when Ibrahim was raising up the Ka'bah foundations of the House - 2:127). Here the raising of foundation is purported for building (construction) of foundation. Hasan Basri (رح) has given a different view that the word 'raised' is used here for respect and veneration of mosques, and to keep them clean from filthy and impure things, as narrated in a hadtth that, when an impure (najis) thing is brought in the mosque, it contracts itself in a similar manner as the human skin contracts from the fire. Sayyidna Abu Said Khudri ؓ has reported that the Holy Prophet ﷺ has said that whoever takes out dirty, impure and vexatious things from the mosque, Allah Ta’ ala will make a house for him in paradise. (Ibn Majah). Sayyidah ` A'ishah ؓ has narrated that the Holy Prophet ﷺ instructed us to make mosques (special places for offering prayers) in our houses (as well), and keep them clean and pure'. (Qurtubi).

As a matter of fact, the word تُرْ‌فَعَ (to be raised) encompasses both the meanings of building and veneration of the mosques. It also signifies to keep them clean, which means to make them free of all types of filth and dirt. It is also part of cleanliness to keep them free of any foul smell. It is for this reason that the Holy Prophet ﷺ has prohibited to go in the mosques without cleaning the mouth after eating onions or garlic, which is reported in many books of hadtth. Cigarettes, cigars and all other preparations of tobacco also fall under the same instruction. Burning any oil which emits foul odor is also not permitted in the mosque.

Sahih Muslim has recorded a narration from Sayyidna ` Umar ؓ that he said ` I had seen that in case the Holy Prophet ﷺ noticed foul smell from someone's mouth, he used to turn him out from the mosque and send to Baqi`, and would say that if someone has to eat onion and garlic, he should cook it properly, so that its odor is eliminated'. Scholars have drawn the conclusion from this hadtth that if someone is suffering from such a disease that people feel discomfort standing next to him in prayers, then he too can be removed from the mosque. In such an eventuality he should himself restrain from going to mosque and offer his prayers at home until such time that he is recovered from that disease.

Exaltation of Mosques

The majority of companions and tabi` in (the generation next to them) are of the opinion that exaltation of mosques means that mosques be built and be kept free of everything evil. Some people have also included in it the outward appearance and grandeur of the buildings of the mosques, and have argued that Sayyidna Uthman Ghani ؓ had used hard wood in the building of the Prophet's mosque to give it an impressive look. Later, Sayyidna ` Umar Ibn ` Abdul Aziz (رح) had the Prophet's mosque improved further both materially and by decoration. This was done during the lifetime of companions and their pupils, and no one objected to this. Later on, many a kings spent very lavishly on building of mosques. Walid Ibn ` Abdul Malik had spent during his caliphate three times the annual income from the entire Syria on the construction and decoration of the Grand Mosque of Damascus, which is still there even now. Imam Abu Hanifah (رح) has ruled that if there is no element of ostentation and egotism, and the intent is to please Allah and veneration of His house, then there is no objection in the construction and decoration of majestic and grandiose mosques, rather one should expect a good reward for that act.

Some merits of Mosques

Abu Dawud (رح) has reported on the authority of Sayyidna Abu 'Umamah (رح) that the Holy Prophet ﷺ once said that whoever gets out of his house after ablution with the intent of offering obligatory prayer in the mosque, his reward is like the one who has got off from his house wearing ihram for performing Hajj, and whoever gets out of his house after ablution for the prayer of Ishraq in the mosque, his reward is like the one of performing ` Umrah. A prayer after another prayer, provided one does not talk or do any work in between, is written in عِلِّيُّونَ 'illiyyun. Further, it is reported on the authority of Sayyidna Buraidah ؓ that the Holy Prophet ﷺ said that those who go to mosques in darkness, give them the good tiding of complete Nur (light) on the Dooms Day. (Muslim)

Sahih Muslim has reported on the authority of Sayyidna Abu Hurairah ؓ that the Holy Prophet ﷺ said that a man's offering of prayer in congregation is more than twenty times better than offering in the house or in the shop. It is because if someone sets out for the mosque after ablution with the intention of offering prayers and for no other purpose, then on every single step his status will improve by one degree and one sin will be forgiven until he reaches the mosque. Then as long as he will sit in the mosque waiting for the congregation to start, he will keep getting the reward of the prayers, and the angels will keep praying for him ` Ya Allah, Bestow Your grace on him, and forgive him, until he harms someone or his ablution is wasted'. Sayyidna Hakam Ibn ` Umair (رح) has narrated that the Holy Prophet ﷺ once said ` Live in this world like a guest and make mosques your abode, and make your hearts tender (be kind hearted) and ponder (over Allah's bounties) frequently, and weep (out of His fear) very often. Let not the mundane desires overcome you to make you change from this position, and you get involved in building houses unnecessarily, where you do not ever live, and get anxious to accumulate wealth more than your need, and desire for such things for the future which you cannot get'. Sayyidna Abu Dardah ؓ advised his son "Mosque should be your abode, because I have heard from the Holy Prophet ﷺ that ` Mosques are the abodes of Muttaqui (the God fearing) people. Whoever makes the mosque his abode (through remembering Allah abundantly) Allah Ta’ ala becomes guarantor for his comfort and tranquility, and to make him pass through the bridge of Sirat with ease"'. Abu Sadiq 'Azdi wrote to Shu'aib b. Habhab in a letter ` Get hold of mosques as a necessity, because I have learnt a tradition saying that mosques were the meeting places of messengers'.

In a hadith it is reported that the Holy Prophet ﷺ said ` Towards the end there will be people who will sit in the mosques in circles, and will discuss worldly affairs and their love for mundane benefits. You do not sit with those people who come to the mosques for this, because Allah does not need such people to come to the mosques. ` Sayyidna Said Ibn Musayyab ؓ ، said that the one who sits in the mosque is like he sits in the company of his Lord, so it is incumbent upon him not to say anything but good words (Qurtubi).

Fifteen etiquettes of the mosques

Scholars have named fifteen items as etiquettes of the mosques. They are:

1. On entering the mosque one should greet the people already sitting there, with salam and if there is no one then say السلام علینا و علی عباد اللہ الصالحین (But this is required when those present in the mosque are not offering their extra prayer or reciting Qur'an. If they are busy in any of these acts, then he should not greet them.)

2. After getting in the mosque one should offer two Rak'ats as tahiyyah tul-Masjid. (This is required at a time when offering prayers is not prohibited, that is the time of sun rise, sun set or when sun is directly overhead)

3. Should not carry out any transactions of sale or purchase in the mosque.

4. Should not carry any weapons in the mosque.

5. Should not make an announcement for the search of any of his lost items.

6. Should not raise his voice in the mosque.

7. Should not discuss worldly affairs in the mosque.

8. Should not quarrel with anyone in the mosque.

9. Should not try to force his way into a row where there is no room.

10. Should not cross over in front of someone offering prayer.

11. Should avoid spitting or blowing of nose in the mosque.

12. Should not crackle fingers in the mosque.

13. Should not play with any part of the body.

14. Should keep clean of any filth, and should not take a baby or an insane along in the mosque.

15. Should keep busy in remembrance of Allah abundantly.

After listing these fifteen etiquettes Qurtubi has remarked that whoever has fulfilled these requirements has done justice with the mosque, and it has become a place of charm and security for him.

I have written a booklet on etiquettes and formalities of mosques under the title آداب المساجد (in Urdu). Anyone interested in the subject can consult it.

Houses meant exclusively for remembrance of Allah and for learning Qur'an or religious education also have the status of mosques

Abu Hayyan has explained in Tafsir Bahr ul-Muhit that the word فی بیوت in the houses" used in Qur'an has a general connotation. It includes not only the mosques but also those houses which are exclusive for teaching Qur'an and related religious teachings, such as Madaris (religious schools) or Makatib. They also fall under the same category, and their respect and veneration is also obligatory.

Special wisdom for using the word 'allowed' in the verse

Scholars are all unanimous that the word اَذِنَ 'adhina (allowed) is used here for command or order. But then the question is, what is the reason for using this word (instead or 'ordered' or 'enjoined' )? Ruh ul-Ma’ ani has described a subtle consideration in that the underlying objective is to train and induce the believers and the righteous to be ever ready to perform anything which is meant for pleasing Allah Ta’ ala, so much so that they need not be ordered to perform something for the pleasure of Allah, rather they should be waiting for the permission to perform it, and the moment they receive the go-ahead signal, they should hurry to carry it out.

يُذْكَرَ‌ فِيهَا اسْمُهُ

Where His name is recounted - 36.

Here, the expression is 'recounting the name of Allah' encompasses all types of His remembrance, which include extra prayers, recitation of Qur’ an, learning of Islamic teachings, sermons, lectures on Shari'ah, etc.

In houses that God has permitted to be raised up and in which His name is mentioned, glorifying Him therein. One view is that these are houses in which needs are raised up to God. These are mosques in which the servants supplicate Him and lift up the story of their needs to God and display their requirements. It is not beautiful for servants to debase themselves before the wishes of just anyone, for the Real Himself has assured for them what they need and what they must have. Bishr Ḥāfī said, “I saw the Commander of the Faithful ʿAlī in a dream and asked him for advice. He said, 'How beautiful it is for the rich to be compassionate toward the poor in seeking God's reward! And more beautiful than that is for the poor to be haughty toward the rich by relying on God.'” How beautiful is the tenderness of the rich toward the poor hoping for reward! And more beautiful than that is the pride of the poor toward the rich by relying on the generosity of the Real. Glorifying Him therein. That is, in the mosques, for the mosques are the houses of worship, just as the hearts are the houses of desire. Through his worship the worshiper reaches God's re- ward, and through his desire the desirer reaches God. It has also been said that the hearts are the houses of recognition, the spirits the places of wit- nessing love, and the secret cores the loci of self-disclosure.