2:199 Al-Baqara (The Cow)

{ ثُمَّ أَفِيضُوا مِنْ حَيْثُ أَفَاضَ النَّاسُ } أي: ثم أفيضوا من مزدلفة من حيث أفاض الناس, من لدن إبراهيم عليه السلام إلى الآن، والمقصود من هذه الإفاضة كان معروفا عندهم, وهو رمي الجمار, وذبح الهدايا, والطواف, والسعي, والمبيت بـ \" منى \" ليالي التشريق وتكميل باقي المناسك. ولما كانت [هذه] الإفاضة, يقصد بها ما ذكر, والمذكورات آخر المناسك, أمر تعالى عند الفراغ منها باستغفاره والإكثار من ذكره، فالاستغفار للخلل الواقع من العبد, في أداء عبادته وتقصيره فيها، وذكر الله شكر الله على إنعامه عليه بالتوفيق لهذه العبادة العظيمة والمنة الجسيمة. وهكذا ينبغي للعبد, كلما فرغ من عبادة, أن يستغفر الله عن التقصير, ويشكره على التوفيق, لا كمن يرى أنه قد أكمل العبادة, ومن بها على ربه, وجعلت له محلا ومنزلة رفيعة, فهذا حقيق بالمقت, ورد الفعل، كما أن الأول, حقيق بالقبول والتوفيق لأعمال أخر.

ثم ههنا لعطف خبر على خبر وترتيبه عليه كأنه تعالى أمر الواقف بعرفات أن يدفع إلى المزدلفة ليذكر الله عند المشعر الحرام وأمره أن يكون وقوفه مع جمهور الناس بعرفات كما كان جمهور الناس يصنعون يقفون بها إلا قريشا فإنهم لم يكونوا يخرجون من الحرم فيقفون في طرف الحرم عند أدنى الحل ويقولون نحن أهل الله في بلدته وقطان بيته قال البخاري: حدثنا علي بن عبدالله حدثنا محمد بن حازم حدثنا هشام عن أبيه عن عائشـة قالت: كانت قريش ومن دان دينها يقفون بالمزدلفة وكانوا يسمون الحمس وسائر العرب يقفون بعرفات فلما جاء الإسلام أمر الله نبيه - صلى الله عليه وسلم - أن يأتي عرفات ثم يقف بها ثم يفيض منها فذلك قوله "من حيث أفاض الناس" وكذا قال ابن عباس ومجاهد وعطاء وقتادة والسدي وغيرهم واختاره ابن جرير وحكى عليه الإجماع. وقال الإمام أحمد: حدثنا سفيان عن عمرو عن مجاهد عن محمد بن جبير بن مطعم عن أبيه قال: أضللت بعيرا لي بعرفة فذهبت أطلبه فإذا النبي - صلى الله عليه وسلم - واقف قلت إن هذا من الحمس ما شأنه ههنا؟ أخرجاه في الصحيحين ثم رواه البخاري من حديث موسى بن عقبة عن كريب عن ابن عباس ما يقتضي أن المراد بالإفاضة ههنا هي الإفاضة من المزدلفة إلى منى لرمي الجمار فالله أعلم. وحكاه ابن جرير عن الضحاك بن مزاحم فقط. قال: والمراد بالناس إبراهيم عليه السلام وفي رواية عنه: الإمام. وقال ابن جرير: ولولا إجماع الحجة على خلافه لكان هو الأرجح. وقوله "واستغفروا الله إن الله غفور رحيم" كثيرا ما يأمر الله بذكره بعد قضاء العبادات ولهذا ثبت في صحيح مسلم أن رسول الله - صلى الله عليه وسلم - كان إذا فرغ من الصلاة يستغفر الله ثلاثا. وفي الصحيحين أنه ندب إلى التسبيح والتحميد والتكبير ثلاثا وثلاثين. وقد روى ابن جرير ههنا حديث ابن عباس بن مرداس السلمي في استغفاره - صلى الله عليه وسلم - لأمته عشية عرفة وقد أوردناه في جزء جمعناه في فضل يوم عرفة. وأورد ابن مردويه ههنا الحديث الذي رواه البخاري عن شداد بن أوس قال: قال رسول الله - صلى الله عليه وسلم - "سيد الاستغفار أن يقول العبد اللهم أنت ربي لا إله إلا أنت خلقتني وأنا عبدك وأنا على عهدك ووعدك ما استطعت أعوذ بك من شر ما صنعت أبوء لك بنعمتك علي وأبوء بذنبي فاغفر لي فإنه لا يغفر الذنوب إلا أنت. من قالها في ليلة فمات في ليلته دخل الجنة ومن قالها في نومه فمات دخل الجنة" وفي الصحيحين عن عبدالله بن عمر أن أبا بكر قال: يا رسول الله علمني دعاء أدعو به في صلاتي فقال: "قل اللهم إنى ظلمت نفسي ظلما كثيرا ولا يغفر الذنوب إلا أنت فاغفر لي مغفرة من عندك وارحمني إنك أنت الغفور الرحيم" والأحاديث في الاستغفار كثيرة.

The Order to stand on `Arafat and to depart from it

This Ayah contains Allah's order to those who stand at `Arafat to also move on to Al-Muzdalifah, so that they remember Allah at Al-Mash`ar Al-Haram. Allah commands the Muslim to stand with the rest of the pilgrims at `Arafat, unlike Quraysh who (before Islam) used to remain in the sanctuary, near Al-Muzdalifah, saying that they are the people of Allah's Town and the servants of His House. Al-Bukhari reported that `A'ishah said, "Quraysh and their allies, who used to be called Al-Hums, used to stay in Al-Muzdalifah while the rest of the Arabs would stand at `Arafat. When Islam came, Allah commanded His Prophet to stand at `Arafat and then proceed from there. Hence Allah's statement:

مِنْ حَيْثُ أَفَاضَ النَّاسُ

(...from the place whence all the people depart.)

This was also said by Ibn `Abbas, Mujahid, `Ata', Qatadah and As-Suddi and others. Ibn Jarir chose this opinion and said that there is Ijma` (a consensus among the scholars) for it.

Imam Ahmad reported that Jubayr bin Mut`im said, "My camel was lost and I went out in search of it on the day of `Arafah, and I saw the Prophet standing in `Arafat. I said to myself, `By Allah he is from the Hums. What has brought him here"' This Hadith is also reported in the Sahihayn. Al-Bukhari reported that Ibn `Abbas said that `depart' mentioned in the Ayah refers to proceeding from Al-Muzdalifah to Mina to stone the pillars. Allah knows best.

Asking Allah for His Forgiveness

Allah said:

وَاسْتَغْفِرُواْ اللَّهَ إِنَّ اللَّهَ غَفُورٌ رَّحِيمٌ

(...and ask Allah for His forgiveness. Truly, Allah is Oft-Forgiving, Most-Merciful.)

Allah frequently orders remembrance of Him after acts of worship are finished. Muslim reported that Allah's Messenger ﷺ used to ask Allah for His forgiveness thrice after the prayer is finished. It is reported in the Two Sahihs that the Prophet encouraged Tasbih (saying Subhan Allah, i.e., Glorified is Allah), Tahmid (saying Al-Hamdu Lillah, i.e., praise be to Allah) and Takbir (saying Allahu Akbar, i.e., Allah is the Most Great) thirty-three times each (after prayer).

Ibn Marduwyah collected the Hadith that Al-Bukhari reported from Shaddad bin Aws, who stated that Allah's Messenger ﷺ said:

«سَيِّدُ الْاِسْتِغْفَارِ أَنْ يَقُولَ الْعَبْدُ: اللَّهُمَّ أَنْتَ رَبِّي، لَا إِلهَ إِلَّا أَنْتَ، خَلَقْتَنِي وَأَنَا عَبْدُكَ، وَأَنَا عَلى عَهْدِكَ وَوَعْدِكَ مَا اسْتَطَعْتُ، أَعُوذُ بِكَ مِنْ شَرِّ مَا صَنَعْتُ، أَبُوءُ لَكَ بِنِعْمَتِكَ عَلَيَّ، وَأَبُوءُ بِذَنْبِي، فَاغْفِرْ لِي فَإِنَّهُ لَا يَغْفِرُ الذُّنُوبَ إلَّا أَنْتَ، مَنْ قَالَهَا فِي لَيْلَةٍ فَمَاتَ فِي لَيْلَتِهِ دَخَلَ الْجَنَّــةَ، وَمَنْ قَالَهَا فِي يَوْمِهِ فَمَاتَ دَخَلَ الْجَنَّــة»

(The master of supplication for forgiveness, is for the servant to say: `O Allah! You are my Lord, there is no deity worthy of worship except You. You have created me and I am Your servant. I am on Your covenant, as much as I can be, and awaiting Your promise. I seek refuge with You from the evil that I have committed. I admit Your favor on me and admit my faults. So forgive me, for none except You forgives the sins.' Whoever said these words at night and died that same night will enter Paradise. Whoever said it during the day and died will enter Paradise.)

Furthermore, it is reported in the Two Sahihs that `Abdullah bin `Amr said that Abu Bakr said, "O Messenger of Allah ﷺ! Teach me an invocation so that I may invoke (Allah) with it in my prayer. He told me to say:

«قُلْ: اللَّهُمَّ إِنِّي ظَلَمْتُ نَفْسِي ظُلْمًا كَثِيرًا وَلَا يَغْفِرُ الذُّنُوبَ إِلَّا أَنْتَ فَاغْفِرْ لِي مَغْفِرَةً مِنْ عِنْدِكَ، وَارْحَمْنِي إِنَّكَ أَنْتَ الْغَفُورُ الرَّحِيم»

(Allahumma inni zalamtu nafsi zulman kathiran, wa la yaghfirudh-dhunuba illa Anta faghfirli maghfiratan min `indika, war-hamni innaka Antal-Ghafur-ur-Rahim (O Allah! I have done great injustice to myself and none except You forgives sins, so please forgive me and be merciful to me as You are the Forgiver, the Merciful).)

There are many other Hadiths on this subject.

Then thumma denotes the sequence intended press on O Quraysh from where the people press on that is from ‘Arafa by standing there together with them for they used to stand at Muzdalifa disdaining to stand with other people; and seek God’s forgiveness for your sins; God is Forgiving Merciful to the believers.

The third verse (199): ثُمَّ أَفِيضُوا مِنْ حَيْثُ أَفَاضَ النَّاسُ وَاسْتَغْفِرُ‌وا اللَّـهَ ۚ إِنَّ اللَّـهَ غَفُورٌ‌ رَّ‌حِيمٌ,(Then, flow down from where the people flowed, and seek forgiveness from Allah. Certainly, Allah is Most-Forgiving, Very-Merciful) was revealed in a particular background. The Quraysh of Arabia being the custodians of the Ka'bah کعبہ enjoyed a unique position of influence and distinction in the country. During the days of Jahiliyyah, while every-one went to ` Arafat, the Quraysh would, in order to demonstrate their unusual importance, stop at Muzdalifah and stay there. They said that, being the custodian of the Ka'bah کعبہ and the care-takers of the Har-am حرم ، it was not proper for them to go out of the limits of the, Haram حرم . Since Muzdalifah is located within the sacred limits of the Haram حرم and ` Arafat is out of it, they would seize upon the excuse, stay in Muzdalifah and it was from there that they came back. The truth was that they loved to show off their pride and arrogance and made it a point to keep common people at a distance. Their erroneous conduct thus apprehended, Allah Almighty commanded them to go where everyone goes, that is, into the plain of ` Arafat, and then, return from there with everyone else (it will be noted that in the accompanying translation of the text, the Qur'anic word afidu أَفِيضُوا has been rendered into English liter-ally with the word, 'flow' which succinctly suggests mingling with the multitude, something shunned by the Quraysh of Jahiliyyah جاھلیہ).

To begin with, behaving special and staying disconnected from others is a standing act of arrogance which must almost always be avoided, particularly during the days of Hajj where the garment of Ihram and the homogeneity of place and purpose teach the lesson that all human beings are equal, the distinction of rich and poor, learned and ignorant, big and small does not exist here, therefore, such display of assumed distinction, and that too in a state of Ihram احرام ، further increases the degree of crime.

Human equality in practice

This statement of the Holy Qur'an teaches us an important principle of social living which demands that the people of a higher status should not cut off their relations with those of a lower status; they should rather behave like members of a large family in their different forms of subsistence, stay and movement. This creates mutual brotherhood, concern and love, removes the walls between the rich and the poor, the employer and the employee. It was during his last sermon of Hajj that the Holy Prophet openly declared for all times to come that no Arab is superior to non-Arab and no white person is superior to a black person. Superiority depends on Taqwa and Ita` ah اِطاعت (the fear of Allah and the obedience to His command). Therefore, those who wanted to establish a distinct status for themselves by staying at Muzdalifah, contrary to the rest, were told that this act of theirs was a sin and they must seek forgiveness for it so that Allah Almighty may forgive them and bless them with His mercy.

(Then hasten onward from the place whence the multitude hasteneth onward) [2:199]. Al-Tamimi informed through the chain of transmission mentioned above from Yahya ibn Hisham ibn �Urwa> his father> �A�ishah that she said: �The Arabs used to hasten onward from �Arafat while the Quraysh and those who followed their religion used to hasten onward from Jam� in the Sacred Precinct. Allah, exalted is He, then revealed (Then hasten onward from the place whence the multitude hasteneth onward)�. Muhammad ibn Ahmad ibn Ja�far al-Muzakki informed us> Muhammad ibn �Abd Allah ibn Zakariyya> Muhammad ibn �Abd al-Rahman al-Sarkhasi> Abu Bakr ibn Khaythamah> Hamid ibn Yahya> Sufyan ibn �Uyaynah> �Amr ibn Dinar> Muhammad ibn Jubayr ibn Mut�im> his father that he said: �I lost one of my camels on the day of �Arafah and I went to look for it when I saw the Messenger of Allah, Allah bless him and give him peace, standing with people at �Arafah. I said: �He is from the Hums, what is he doing here?� Abu Sufyan said: �the Ahmas [sing of Hums] is someone who is very strict about and observant of his religion�. This is because the Quraysh used to be called the Hums but the devil led them astray by whispering to them: �If you exalt other than your Sacred Precinct, other people will belittle your Sacred Precinct�. And so they did not hasten onward from the Sacred Precinct but rather stand at al-Muzdalifah. Upon the advent of Islam, Allah, glorious and majestic is He, revealed: (Then hasten onward from the place whence the multitude hasteneth onward), i.e. from �Arafah. This was narrated by Muslim> �Amr al-Naqid> Ibn �Uyaynah.