88:20 Al-Ghaashiya (The Overwhelming)

{ وَإِلَى الْأَرْضِ كَيْفَ سُطِحَتْ } أي: مدت مدًا واسعًا، وسهلت غاية التسهيل، ليستقر الخلائق على ظهرها، ويتمكنوا من حرثها وغراسها، والبنيان فيها، وسلوك الطرق الموصلة إلى أنواع المقاصد فيها. واعلم أن تسطيحها لا ينافي أنها كرة مستديرة، قد أحاطت الأفلاك فيها من جميع جوانبها، كما دل على ذلك النقل والعقل والحس والمشاهدة، كما هو مذكور معروف عند أكثر الناس، خصوصًا في هذه الأزمنة، التي وقف الناس على أكثر أرجائها بما أعطاهم الله من الأسباب المقربة للبعيد، فإن التسطيح إنما ينافي كروية الجسم الصغير جدًا، الذي لو سطح لم يبق له استدارة تذكر. وأما جسم الأرض الذي هو في غاية الكبر والسعة ، فيكون كرويًا مسطحًا، ولا يتنافى الأمران، كما يعرف ذلك أرباب الخبرة.

أي كيف بسطت ومدت ومهدت ؟ فنبه البدوي على الاستدلال بما يشاهده من بعيره الذي هو راكب عليه والسماء التي فوق رأسه والجبل الذي تجاهه والأرض التي تحته على قدرة خالق ذلك وصانعه وأنه الرب العظيم الخالق المالك المتصرف وانه الإله الذي لا يستحق العبادة سواه وهكذا أقسم ضمام في سؤاله على رسول الله صلى الله عليه وسلم كما رواه الإمام أحمد حيث قال حدثنا هاشم بن القاسم حدثنا سليمان بن المغيرة عن ثابت عن أنس قال: كنا نهينا أن نسأل رسول الله صلى الله عليه وسلم عن شيء فكان يعجبنا أن يجيء الرجل من أهل البادية العاقل فيسأله ونحن نسمع فجاء رجل من أهل البادية فقال يا محمد إنه أتانا رسولك فزعم لنا أنك تزعم أن الله أرسلك قال "صدق" قال فمن خلق السماء ؟ قال "الله" قال فمن خلق الأرض ؟ قال "الله" قال فمن نصب هذه الجبال وجعل فيها ما جعل ؟ قال "الله" قال فبالذي خلق السماء والأرض ونصب هذه الجبال آلله أرسلك ؟ قال "نعم" قال وزعم رسولك أن علينا خمس صلوات في يومنا وليلتنا ؟ قال "صدق" قال فبالذي أرسلك آلله أمرك بهذا؟ قال "نعم" قال وزعم رسولك أن علينا زكاة في أموالنا؟ قال "صدق" قال فبالذي أرسلك آلله أمرك بهذا؟ قال "نعم" قال وزعم رسولك أن علينا حج البيت من استطاع إليه سبيلا قال "صدق" قال ثم ولى فقال والذي بعثك بالحق لا أزيد عليهن شيئا ولا أنقص منهن شيئا فقال النبي صلى الله عليه وسلم "إن صدق ليدخلن الجنة" وقد رواه مسلم عن عمرو الناقد عن أبي النضر هاشم بن القاسم به وعلقه البخاري ورواه الترمذي والنسائي من حديث سليمان بن المغيرة به. ورواه الإمام أحمد والبخاري وأبو داود والنسائي وابن ماجه من حديث الليث بن سعد عن سعيد المقبري عن شريك بن عبدالله بن أبي نمر عن أنس به بطوله وقال في آخره وأنا ضمام بن ثعلبة أخو بني سعد بن بكر وقال الحافظ أبو يعلى حدثنا إسحاق حدثنا عبدالله بن جعفر حدثني عبدالله بن دينار عن ابن عمر قال: كان رسول الله صلى الله عليه وسلم كثيرا ما كان يحدث عن امرأة في الجاهلية على رأس جبل معها ابن صغير لها ترعى غنما فقال لها ابنها يا أمه من خلقك ؟ قالت الله قال فمن خلق أبي: قالت الله قال فمن خلقني قالت الله قال فمن خلق السماء ؟ قالت الله قال فمن خلق الأرض ؟ قالت الله قال فمن خلق الجبل ؟ قالت الله قال فمن خلق هذه الغنم ؟ قالت الله قال فإني لأسمع لله شأنا وألقى نفسه من الجبل فتقطع قال ابن عمر كان رسول الله صلى الله عليه وسلم كثيرا ما يحدثنا هذا. قال ابن دينار كان ابن عمر كثيرا ما يحدثنا هذا في إسناده ضعف وعبدالله بن جعفر هذا هو المديني ضعفه ولده الإمام علي بن المديني وغيره.

The Exhortation to look at the Creation of the Camel, the Heaven, the Mountains and the Earth

Allah commands His servants to look at His creations that prove His power and greatness. He says,

أَفَلاَ يَنظُرُونَ إِلَى الإِبِلِ كَيْفَ خُلِقَتْ

(Do they not look at the camels, how they are created) Indeed it is an amazing creation, and the way it has been fashioned is strange. For it is extremely powerful and strong, yet gentle, carrying heavy loads. It allows itself to be guided by a weak rider. It is eaten, benefit is derived from its hair, and its milk is drunk. They are reminded of this because the most common domestic animal of the Arabs was the camel. Shurayh Al-Qadi used to say, "Come out with us so that we may look at the camels and how they were created, and at the sky and how it has been raised." Meaning, how Allah raised it in such magnificence above the ground. This is as Allah says,

أَفَلَمْ يَنظُرُواْ إِلَى السَّمَآءِ فَوْقَهُمْ كَيْفَ بَنَيْنَـهَا وَزَيَّنَّـهَا وَمَا لَهَا مِن فُرُوجٍ

(Have they not looked at the heaven above them, how we have made it and adorned it and there are no rifts on it) (50:6) Then Allah says,

وَإِلَى الْجِبَالِ كَيْفَ نُصِبَتْ

(And at the mountains, how they are rooted) meaning, how they have been erected. For indeed they are firmly affixed so that the earth does not sway with its dwellers. And He made them with the benefits and minerals they contain.

وَإِلَى الاٌّرْضِ كَيْفَ سُطِحَتْ

(And at the earth, how it is outspread) meaning, how it has been spread out, extended and made smooth. Thus, He directs the bedouin to consider what he himself witnesses. His camel that he rides upon, the sky that is above his head, the mountain that faces him, and the earth that is under him, all of this is proof of the power of the Creator and Maker of these things. These things should lead him to see that He is the Lord, the Most Great, the Creator, the Owner, and the Controller of everything. Therefore, He is the God other than Whom none deserves to be worshipped.

The Story of Dimam bin Tha`labah

These are the things Dimam swore by after questioning the Messenger of Allah ﷺ. This can be seen in what Imam Ahmad recorded from Thabit, who reported that Anas said, "We were prohibited from asking the Messenger of Allah ﷺ anything. Thus, it used to amaze us when an intelligent man from the people of the desert (bedouin Arabs) would come and ask him about something while we were listening. So a man from the people of the desert came and said, `O Muhammad! Verily, your messenger has come to us and he claims that you claim that Allah sent you.' He (the Prophet) said,

«صَدَق»

(He told the truth.) The man said, Who created the heaven؟ He (the Prophet ) replied,

«الله»

,(Allah.) The man said, Who created the earth؟ He (the Prophet ) replied,

«الله»

,(Allah). The man said, `Who erected these mountains and placed in them whatever is in them' He (the Prophet ) replied, ا,(Allah). Then the man said, `By the One Who created the heaven, the earth, and erected these mountains, did Allah send you' He (the Prophet ) said,

«نَعَم»

(Yes.) The man then said, `Your messenger claims that we are obligated to pray five prayers during our day and night.' He (the Prophet ) said,

«صَدَق»

(He told the truth.) The man then said, `By He Who has sent you, did Allah command you with this' He (the Prophet ) replied,

«نَعَم»

(Yes.) The man then said, `Your messenger also claims that we are obligated to give charity from our wealth.' He (the Prophet ) said,

«صَدَق»

(He told the truth.) Then the man said, `By He Who has sent you, did Allah command you with this' He (the Prophet ) replied,

«نَعَم»

(Yes.) The man then said, `Your messenger claims that we are obligated to perform pilgrimage (Hajj) to the House (the Ka`bah), for whoever is able to find a way there.' He (the Prophet ) said,

«صَدَق»

(He told the truth.) Then the man turned away to leave while saying, `By He Who has sent you with the truth, I will not add anything to these things and I will not decrease anything from them.' The Prophet then said,

«إِنْ صَدَقَ لَيَدْخُلَنَّ الْجَنَّة»

(If he has spoken truthfully, he will certainly enter Paradise.) This Hadith was recorded by Al-Bukhari, Muslim, Abu Dawud, At-Tirmidhi, An-Nasa'i and Ibn Majah.

The Messenger is only charged with delivering the Message

Allah says,

فَذَكِّرْ إِنَّمَآ أَنتَ مُذَكِّرٌ - لَّسْتَ عَلَيْهِم بِمُسَيْطِرٍ

(So remind them -- you are only one who reminds. You are not a Musaytir over them) meaning, "O Muhammad! Remind the people with what you have been sent with to them."

فَإِنَّمَا عَلَيْكَ الْبَلَـغُ وَعَلَيْنَا الْحِسَابُ

(your duty is only to convey (the Message) and on Us is the reckoning.) (13:40) Then Allah says,

لَّسْتَ عَلَيْهِم بِمُسَيْطِرٍ

(You are not a Musaytir over them.) Ibn `Abbas, Mujahid and others said, "You are not a dictator over them." This means that you cannot create faith in their hearts. Ibn Zayd said, "You are not the one who can force them to have faith." Imam Ahmad recorded from Jabir that the Messenger of Allah ﷺ said,

«أُمِرْتُ أَنْ أُقَاتِلَ النَّاسَ حَتْى يَقُولُوا: لَا إِلهَ إِلَّا اللهُ، فَإِذَا قَالُوهَا عَصَمُوا مِنِّي دِمَاءَهُمْ وَأَمْوَالَهُمْ إِلَّا بِحَقِّهَا، وَحِسَابُهُمْ عَلَى اللهِ عَزَّ وَجَل»

(I have been commanded to fight the people until they say La ilaha illallah (none has the right to be worshipped except Allah). So if they say that, they have safeguarded their blood and wealth from me - except for what is rightfully due from it - and their reckoning is with Allah, the Mighty and Majestic.)" Then he recited,

فَذَكِّرْ إِنَّمَآ أَنتَ مُذَكِّرٌ - لَّسْتَ عَلَيْهِم بِمُسَيْطِرٍ

(So remind them - you are only one who reminds. You are not a dictator over them -) This is how Muslim recorded this Hadith in his Book of Faith, and At-Tirmidhi and An-Nasa'i also recorded it in their Sunans in the Books of Tafsir. This Hadith can be found in both of the Two Sahihs.

The Threat for Whoever turns away from the Truth

Concerning Allah's statement,

إِلاَّ مَن تَوَلَّى وَكَفَرَ

(Save the one who turns away and disbelieves.) meaning, he turns away from acting upon its pillars, and he disbelieves in the truth with his heart and his tongue. This is similar to Allah's statement,

فَلاَ صَدَّقَ وَلاَ صَلَّى - وَلَـكِن كَذَّبَ وَتَوَلَّى

(So he neither believed nor prayed! But on the contrary, he belied and turn away!) (75:31-32) Thus, Allah says,

فَيْعَذِّبُهُ اللَّهُ الْعَذَابَ الاٌّكْبَرَ

(Then Allah will punish him with the greatest punishment.) Allah then says,

إِنَّ إِلَيْنَآ إِيَابَهُمْ

(Verily, to Us will be their return;) meaning, their place of return and their resort.

ثُمَّ إِنَّ عَلَيْنَا حِسَابَهُمْ

(Then verily, for Us will be their reckoning.) meaning, `We will reckon their deeds for them and requite them for those deeds.' If they did good, they will receive good, and if they did evil, they will receive evil. This is the end of the Tafsir of Surat Al-Ghashiyah.

And the earth how it was laid out flat? and thus infer from this the power of God exalted be He and His Oneness? The commencing with the mention of camels is because they are closer in contact with it the earth than any other animal. As for His words sutihat ‘laid out flat’ this on a literal reading suggests that the earth is flat which is the opinion of most of the scholars of the revealed Law and not a sphere as astronomers ahl al-hay’a have it even if this latter does not contradict any of the pillars of the Law.

أَفَلَا يَنظُرُونَ إِلَى الْإِبِلِ كَيْفَ خُلِقَتْ (So, do they not look at the camels how they are created...88:17) The Qur'an first described the conditions of the Hereafter; and it then went on to depict the reward of the believers and the retribution of the unbelievers. Now it turns attention to rebuff the obdurate unbelievers' foolish denial of the Hereafter. They reject it on the ground that after death and decomposition of the body and bones it is inconceivable that they would be recomposed and resurrected. For their guidance, Allah invites their attention to reflect carefully on a few of His Signs. There are uncountable Signs of Allah in the universe. These verses refer to four of them specifically which suited the condition of the desert Arabs. They often travelled through the desert. In such a situation, all they saw were camels they travelled on. They mounted camels and covered long journeys. Above them was the sky and beneath them was the earth. All around them [ left, right, front and back ] they saw mountains. The Arabs are commanded to ponder over these four natural phenomena which make Allah's might manifest.

Among animals, the camel has certain peculiar characteristics that can be a reflection of Divine wisdom and power. It is the largest, most robust and durable animal. Although elephant is a much larger animal than the camel, Allah has mentioned the camel rather than the elephant, because the Arabs knew camels and scarcely saw an elephant. Despite the fact that a camel is such a huge animal, a Bedouin Arab will not find it difficult to look after it even if he is poor. If he is unable to gather or afford food for it, it has to be let loose and will gather its own nutriment and live on leaves. It has a long neck to reach the tops of the high trees. The food of elephants and other animals work out expensive. In Arabian deserts, water is a scarce commodity. It is not available everywhere or anytime. Yet it can survive for about a week without water as Allah's Power has provided it with a small narrow-mouthed pouch in its paunch in which it stores up extra water [ which it uses up gradually for seven to eight days ]. Thus it is a superb draught beast. Nature has created it uniquely, so that it is perfectly adapted to survive the hazards of the harsh climate of the desert.

There is no need to set up a ladder to climb up the high animal. Allah has divided its legs into three levels. Each leg has two knees that it manoeuvres to sit down so that it becomes easier for riders to climb up and down. It is the chief beast of burden in deserts, and as such, it is able to carry large loads. It is most difficult to travel in daytime in Arabia because of scorching sunlight. Allah has made it possible for the camel to keep on travelling the whole night. Camels are so obedient that that even a little child can lead them along anywhere. Camels are very valuable to them in many other ways that teach man that Allah is Omnipotent and has consummate wisdom.

In conclusion of the Chapter, the Messenger of Allah ﷺ is comforted thus:

لَّسْتَ عَلَيْهِم بِمُصَيْطِرٍ (You are not a taskmaster set up over them,....88:22) The Holy Prophet ﷺ is told that he is only a preacher, and as such he must keep on preaching. He should not worry beyond that. It is for Allah to call the unbelievers to Him to render account of their deeds and actions, and punish them accordingly.

Alhamdulillah

The Commentary on

Surah Al-Ghashiyah

Ends here