8:61 Al-Anfaal (The Spoils of War)

تفسير الآيتين 61 و62 :ـ يقول تعالى‏:‏ ‏{‏وَإِنْ جَنَحُوا‏}‏ أي‏:‏ الكفار المحاربون، أي‏:‏ مالوا ‏{‏لِلسَّلْمِ‏}‏ أي‏:‏ الصلح وترك القتال‏.‏ ‏{‏فَاجْنَحْ لَهَا وَتَوَكَّلْ عَلَى اللَّهِ‏}‏ أي‏:‏ أجبهم إلى ما طلبوا متوكلًا على ربك، فإن في ذلك فوائد كثيرة‏.‏ منها‏:‏ أن طلب العافية مطلوب كل وقت، فإذا كانوا هم المبتدئين في ذلك، كان أولى لإجابتهم‏.‏ ومنها‏:‏ أن في ذلك إجمامًا لقواكم، واستعدادا منكم لقتالهم في وقت آخر، إن احتيج لذلك‏.‏ ومنها‏:‏ أنكم إذا أصلحتم وأمن بعضكم بعضًا، وتمكن كل من معرفة ما عليه الآخر، فإن الإسلام يعلو ولا يعلى عليه،‏.‏فكل من له عقل وبصيرة إذا كان معه إنصاف فلا بد أن يؤثره على غيره من الأديان، لحسنه في أوامره ونواهيه، وحسنه في معاملته للخلق والعدل فيهم، وأنه لا جور فيه ولا ظلم بوجه، فحينئذ يكثر الراغبون فيه والمتبعون له‏.‏ فصار هذا السلم عونا للمسلمين على الكافرين‏.‏ ولا يخاف من السلم إلا خصلة واحدة، وهي أن يكون الكفار قصدهم بذلك خدع المسلمين، وانتهاز الفرصة فيهم،‏.‏فأخبرهم اللّه أنه حسبهم وكافيهم خداعهم، وأن ذلك يعود عليهم ضرره، فقال‏:‏ ‏{‏وَإِنْ يُرِيدُوا أَنْ يَخْدَعُوكَ فَإِنَّ حَسْبَكَ اللَّهُ‏}‏ أي‏:‏ كافيك ما يؤذيك، وهو القائم بمصالحك ومهماتك، فقد سبق ‏[‏لك‏]‏ من كفايته لك ونصره ما يطمئن به قلبك‏.‏ فل ـ ‏{‏هُوَ الَّذِي أَيَّدَكَ بِنَصْرِهِ وَبِالْمُؤْمِنِينَ‏}‏ أي‏:‏ أعانك بمعونة سماوية، وهو النصر منه الذي لا يقاومه شيء، ومعونة بالمؤمنين بأن قيضهم لنصرك‏.‏

يقول تعالى إذا خفت من قوم خيانة فانبذ إليهم عهدهم على سواء فإن استمروا على حربك ومنابذتك فقاتلهم "وإن جنحوا" أي مالوا "للسلم" أي المسالمة والمصالحة والمهادنة "فاجنح لها" أي فمل إليها واقبل منهم ذلك ولهذا لما طلب المشركون عام الحديبية الصلح ووضع الحرب بينهم وبين رسول الله صلى الله عليه وآله وسلم تسع سنين أجابهم إلى ذلك مع ما اشترطوا من الشروط الأخر. وقال عبدالله بن الإمام أحمد حدثنا محمد بن أبي بكر المقدمي حدثني فضيل بن سليمان يعني النميري حدثنا محمد بن أبي يحيى عن إياس بن عمرو الأسلمي عن علي بن أبي طالب رضي الله عنه قال: قال رسول الله صلى الله عليه وسلم "إنه سيكون اختلاف أو أمر فإن استطعت أن يكون السلم فافعل" وقال لمجاهد نزلت في بني قريظة وهذا فيه نظر لأن السياق كله في وقعة بدر وذكرها مكتنف لهذا كله وقال ابن عباس ومجاهد وزيد بن أسلم وعطاء الخراساني وعكرمة والحسن وقتادة: إن هذه الآية منسوخة بآية السيف في براءة "قاتلوا الذين لا يؤمنون بالله ولا باليوم الآخر" الآية. وفيه نظر أيضا لأن آية براءة فيها الأمر بقتالهم إذا أمكن ذلك فأما إن كان العدو كثيفا فإنه يجوز مهادنتهم كما دلت عليه هذه الآية الكريمة وكما فعل النبي صلى الله عليه وسلم يوم الحديبية فلا منافاة ولا نسخ ولا تخصيص والله أعلم. وقوله "وتوكل على الله" أي صالحهم وتوكل على الله فإن الله كافيك وناصرك.

The Command to Facilitate Peace when the Enemy seeks a Peaceful Resolution

Allah says, if you fear betrayal from a clan of people, then sever the peace treaty with them, so that you both are on equal terms. If they continue being hostile and opposing you, then fight them,

وَإِن جَنَحُواْ

(But if they incline), and seek,

لِلسَّلْمِ

(to peace), if they resort to reconciliation, and seek a treaty of non-hostility,

فَاجْنَحْ لَهَا

(you also incline to it), and accept offers of peace from them. This is why when the pagans inclined to peace in the year of Hudaybiyah and sought cessation of hostilities for nine years, between them and the Messenger of Allah he accepted this from them, as well as, accepting other terms of peace they brought forth. `Abdullah bin Al-Imam Ahmad recorded that `Ali bin Abi Talib said that the Messenger of Allah said,

«إِنَّهُ سَيَكُونُ بَعْدِي اخْتِلَافٌ أَوْ أَمْرٌ فَإِنِ اسْتَطَعْتَ أَنْ يَكُونَ السِّلْمَ فَافْعَل»

(There will be disputes after me, so if you have a way to end them in peace, then do so.)

Allah said next,

وَتَوَكَّلْ عَلَى اللَّهِ

(and trust in Allah. ) Allah says, conduct a peace treaty with those who incline to peace, and trust in Allah. Verily, Allah will suffice for you and aid you even if they resort to peace as a trick, so that they gather and reorganize their forces,

فَإِنَّ حَسْبَكَ اللَّهُ

(then verily, Allah is All-Sufficient for you).

Reminding the Believers of Allah's Favor of uniting Them

Allah mentioned His favor on the Prophet , in that He aided him with believers, the Muhajirin and the Ansar,

هُوَ الَّذِى أَيَّدَكَ بِنَصْرِهِ وَبِالْمُؤْمِنِينَوَأَلَّفَ بَيْنَ قُلُوبِهِمْ

(He it is Who has supported you with His help and with the believers. And He has united their hearts.)

The Ayah says, `it is Allah who gathered the believers' hearts, believing, obeying, aiding and supporting you -- O Muhammad,'

لَوْ أَنفَقْتَ مَا فِى الاٌّرْضِ جَمِيعاً مَّآ أَلَّفْتَ بَيْنَ قُلُوبِهِمْ

(If you had spent all that is in the earth, you could not have united their hearts.) because of the enmity and hatred that existed between them. Before Islam, there were many wars between the Ansar tribes of Aws and Khazraj, and there were many causes to stir unrest between them. However, Allah ended all that evil with the light of faith,

وَاذْكُرُواْ نِعْمَةَ اللَّهِ عَلَيْكُمْ إِذْ كُنتُم أَعْدَآءً فَأَلَّفَ بَيْنَ قُلُوبِكُمْ فَأَصْبَحْتُم بِنِعْمَتِهِ إِخْوَاناً وَكُنتُمْ عَلَى شَفَا حُفْرَةٍ مِّنَ النَّارِ فَأَنقَذَكُمْ مِّنْهَا كَذلِكَ يُبَيِّنُ اللَّهُ لَكُمْ ءَايَـتِهِ لَعَلَّكُمْ تَهْتَدُونَ

(And remember Allah's favor on you, for you were enemies one to another, but He united your hearts, so that, by His grace, you became brethren, and you were on the brink of a pit of Fire, and He saved you from it. Thus Allah makes His Ayat clear to you, that you may be guided.) 3:103

In the Two Sahihs, it is recorded that when the Messenger of Allah ﷺ gave a speech to the Ansar about the division of war booty collected in the battle of Hunayn, he said to them,

«يَا مَعْشَرَ الْأَنْصَارِ أَلَمْ أَجِدْكُمْ ضُلَّالًا فَهَدَاكُمُ اللهُ بِي، وَعَالَةً فَأَغْنَاكُمُ اللهُ بِي، وَكُنْتُمْ مُتَفَرِّقِينَ فَأَلَّفَكُمُ اللهُ بِي»

(O Ansar! Did I not find you misguided and Allah guided you by me, poor and Allah enriched you by me, and divided and Allah united you by me) Every question the Prophet asked them, they said, "Truly, the favor is from Allah and His Messenger." Allah said,

وَلَـكِنَّ اللَّهَ أَلَّفَ بَيْنَهُمْ إِنَّهُ عَزِيزٌ حَكِيمٌ

(But Allah has united them. Certainly He is All-Mighty, All-Wise.)

He is the Most Formidable, and the hopes of those who have trust in Him, never end unanswered; Allah is All-Wise in all of His decisions and actions.

And if they incline to peace read silm or salm meaning ‘settlement’ then incline to it and conclude a pact with them Ibn ‘Abbās said ‘This has been abrogated by the “sword verse” Q. 95’; Mujāhid said ‘This stipulation applies exclusively in the context of the People of the Scripture for it was revealed regarding the Banū Qurayza; and rely on God put your trust in Him; truly He is the Hearer of words the Knower of actions.

The third verse (61) takes up injunctions of peace and aspects related to it. It was said: وَإِن جَنَحُوا لِلسَّلْمِ فَاجْنَحْ لَهَا (And if they tilt towards peace, you tilt towards it). The word: سَلم (salm) with fatha (′)on sin (س), or: سِلم (silm with kasrah ( ِ ) on sin (س) are both used in the sense of peace. The meaning of the verse - as fairly evident from the translation - is that should the disbelievers incline towards peace on some occasion, you too should incline towards it. At this point, it should be borne in mind that the imperative form has been used here to carry the sense of choice. Thus, the intended sense is that at a time when disbelievers are inclined towards peace, the Holy Prophet ﷺ also has the choice of making peace, if he feels peace is in the best interest of Muslims.

And the restriction of: إِن جَنَحُوا (if they tilt) tells us that peace can be made only when the desire to have peace comes from the disbelievers - because, should Muslims themselves start proposing peace without their desire to have it, then, this would be taken as a sign of their weakness.

However, should there arise a situation in which Muslims are totally encircled and find no way out except a peace for security deal, then, initiating a peace proposal is also permissible as ruled by Muslim jurists and as proved through hints given in the directives of the Holy Qur'an and Sunnah نُصُوص (nusus).

And since the proposal of peace initiated by the enemy does have the probability that they might use it as a strategy of deceit, make them negligent and then make a surprise attack, therefore, at the end of the verse, the instruction given to the Holy Prophet ﷺ was: وَتَوَكَّلْ عَلَى اللَّـهِ ۚ إِنَّهُ هُوَ السَّمِيعُ الْعَلِيمُ (and place your trust in Allah. Surely, He is the All-Hearing, All-Knowing - 61). It means that Allah Ta` ala hears what they say and also knows the intentions and designs concealed in their hearts. He is sufficient to help you, therefore, do not base your decisions to do things on such probabilities which cannot be proved. The safest policy was to entrust all such apprehensions and scruples with Allah.