8:57 Al-Anfaal (The Spoils of War)

تفسير الآيات من 55 الى 57 : هؤلاء الذين جمعوا هذه الخصال الثلاث‏:‏ الكفر، وعدم الإيمان، والخيانة، بحيث لا يثبتون على عهد عاهدوه ولا قول قالوه، هم شر الدواب عند الله فهم شر من الحمير والكلاب وغيرها، لأن الخير معدوم منهم، والشر متوقع فيهم ، فإذهاب هؤلاء ومحقهم هو المتعين، لئلا يسري داؤهم لغيرهم، ولهذا قال‏:‏ ‏{‏فَإِمَّا تَثْقَفَنَّهُمْ فِي الْحَرْبِ‏}‏ أي‏:‏ تجدنهم في حال المحاربة، بحيث لا يكون لهم عهد وميثاق‏.‏ ‏{‏فَشَرِّدْ بِهِمْ مَنْ خَلْفَهُمْ‏}‏ أي‏:‏ نكل بهم غيرهم، وأوقع بهم من العقوبة ما يصيرون ‏[‏به‏]‏ عبرة لمن بعدهم ‏{‏لَعَلَّهُمْ‏}‏ أي من خلفهم ‏{‏يَذْكُرُونَ‏}‏ صنيعهم، لئلا يصيبهم ما أصابهم،وهذه من فوائد العقوبات والحدود المرتبة على المعاصي، أنها سبب لازدجار من لم يعمل المعاصي، بل وزجرا لمن عملها أن لا يعاودها‏.‏ ودل تقييد هذه العقوبة في الحرب أن الكافر ـ ولو كان كثير الخيانة سريع الغدر ـ أنه إذا أُعْطِيَ عهدا لا يجوز خيانته وعقوبته‏

"فإما تثقفنهم في الحرب" أي تغلبهم وتظفر بهم في حرب "فشرد بهم من خلفهم" أي نكل بهم. قاله ابن عباس والحسن البصري والضحاك والسدي وعطاء الخراساني وابن عيينة ومعناه غلظ عقوبتهم وأثخنهم قتلا ليخاف من سواهم من الأعداء من العرب وغيرهم ويصيروا لهم عبرة "لعلهم يذكرون" وقال السدي يقول لعلهم يحذرون أن ينكثوا فيصنع بهم مثل ذلك.

Striking Hard against Those Who disbelieve and break the Covenants

Allah states here that the worst moving creatures on the face of the earth are those who disbelieve, who do not embrace the faith, and break promises whenever they make a covenant, even when they vow to keep them,

وَهُمْ لاَ يَتَّقُونَ

(and they do not have Taqwa) meaning they do not fear Allah regarding any of the sins they commit.

فَإِمَّا تَثْقَفَنَّهُمْ فِى الْحَرْبِ

(So if you gain the mastery over them in war), if you defeat them and have victory over them in war,

فَشَرِّدْ بِهِم مَّنْ خَلْفَهُمْ

(then disperse those who are behind them,) by severely punishing the captured people according to Ibn `Abbas, Al-Hasan Al-Basri, Ad-Dahhak, As-Suddi, `Ata' Al-Khurasani and Ibn `Uyaynah. This Ayah commands punishing them harshly and inflicting casualties on them. This way, other enemies, Arabs and non-Arabs, will be afraid and take a lesson from their end,

لَعَلَّهُمْ يَذَّكَّرُونَ

(so that they may learn a lesson. )

As-Suddi commented, "They might be careful not to break treaties, so that they do not meet the same end."

So if fa-immā here the letter nūn of the conditional particle in ‘if’ has been assimilated with the extra mā you come upon them if you find them anywhere in the war deal with them so as to cause those fighters behind them to scatter to disperse by making an example of them and punishing them so that they the ones behind them might remember that they might take heed from their example.

In the fourth verse (57), Allah Ta` ala has given a standing instruction to His Rasul ﷺ about such evil breakers of solemn pledges in the following words:

فَإِمَّا تَثْقَفَنَّهُمْ فِي الْحَرْ‌بِ فَشَرِّ‌دْ بِهِم مَّنْ خَلْفَهُمْ لَعَلَّهُمْ يَذَّكَّرُ‌ونَ ﴿57﴾

So, if you find them in war, make them an example (deterrent) for those behind them, so that they take a lesson.

Here, the word: تَثْقَفَنَّهُمْ (tathqafannahum) means to get the upper hand against them and the word: شرّدَ (sharrada) is a derivation from the infinitive noun: تَشرِید (tashrid) which essentially means to drive out or scatter away. So, the verse means: 'If you overpower such people in a war, give them a drastic punishment which becomes an instant lesson for others - so that those who are busy bashing Islam behind the cover of such people serving as their agent provocateurs should understand clearly that there remains no alternative for them but to run for their lives. The drive of the instruction is that these people should be punished in a manner which makes an impression on the disbelievers of Makkah and other hostile tribes and sucks away any courage they may have to come back and confront Muslims in the future.

By saying: لَعَلَّهُمْ يَذَّكَّرُ‌ونَ (so that they take a lesson - 57) at the end of the verse, a hint has been given towards the universal mercy of the Lord of all the worlds. This treatment makes it clear that the real purpose of this exemplary punishment was not to take revenge or release personal anger, in fact, this was being awarded in their own interest and expedient gain whereby they may, perhaps, review conditions before them, regain some of their sanity, feel ashamed of what they did and go on to correct themselves.