6:112 Al-An'aam (The Cattle)

يقول تعالى -مسليا لرسوله محمد صلى الله عليه وسلم- وكما جعلنا لك أعداء يردون دعوتك، ويحاربونك، ويحسدونك، فهذه سنتنا، أن نجعل لكل نبي نرسله إلى الخلق أعداء، من شياطين الإنس والجن، يقومون بضد ما جاءت به الرسل. { يُوحِي بَعْضُهُمْ إِلَى بَعْضٍ زُخْرُفَ الْقَوْلِ غُرُورًا } أي: يزين بعضهم لبعض الأمر الذي يدعون إليه من الباطل، ويزخرفون له العبارات حتى يجعلوه في أحسن صورة، ليغتر به السفهاء، وينقاد له الأغبياء، الذين لا يفهمون الحقائق، ولا يفقهون المعاني، بل تعجبهم الألفاظ المزخرفة، والعبارات المموهة، فيعتقدون الحق باطلا والباطل حقا

يقول تعالى وكما جعلنا لك يا محمد أعداء يخالفونك ويعادونك ويعانونك جعلنا لكل نبي من قبلك أيضا أعداء فلا يحزنك ذلك كما قال تعالى "ولقد كذبت رسل من قبلك فصبروا على ما كذبوا وأوذوا" الآية. وقال تعالى "ما يقال لك إلا ما قد قيل للرسل من قبلك إن ربك لذو مغفرة وذو عقاب أليم" وقال تعالى "وكذلك جعلنا لكل نبي عدوا من المجرمين" الآية. وقال ورقة بن نوفل لرسول الله صلى الله عليه وسلم إنه لم يأت أحد بمثل ما جئت به إلا عودي وقوله "شياطين الإنس والجن" بدل من "عدوا" أي لهم أعداء من شياطين الإنس والجن والشيطان كل من خرج عن نظيره بالشر ولا يعادي الرسل إلا الشياطين من هؤلاء وهؤلاء قبحهم الله ولعنهم. قال عبد الرزاق حدثنا معمر عن قتادة في قوله "شياطين الإنس والجن" قال من الجن شياطين ومن الإنس شياطين يوحي بعضهم إلى بعض قال قتادة وبلغني أن أبا ذر كان يوما يصلي فقال النبي صلى الله عليه وسلم "تعوذ يا أبا ذر من شياطين الإنس والجن" فقال أو إن من الإنس شياطين فقال رسول الله صلى الله عليه وسلم "نعم" وهذا منقطع بين قتادة وأبي ذر. وقد روي من وجه آخر عن أبي ذر رضي الله عنه قال ابن جرير حدثنا المثنى حدثنا أبو صالح حدثني معاوية بن صالح أبي عبد الله محمد بن أيوب وغيره من المشيخة عن ابن عائذ عن أبي ذر قال: أتيت رسول الله صلى الله عليه وسلم في مجلس قد أطال فيه الجلوس قال: فقال "يا أبا ذر هل صليت" قلت لا يا رسول الله قال "قم فاركع ركعتين" قال ثم جئت فجلست إليه فقال "يا أبا ذر هل تعوذت بالله من شياطين الجن والإنس" قال: قلت لا يا رسول الله وهل للإنس من شياطين؟ قال: "نعم هم شر من شياطين الجن".وهذا أيضا فيه انقطاع وروي متصلا كما قال الإمام أحمد حدثنا وكيع حدثنا المسعودي أنبأنا أبو عمر الدمشقي عن عبيد بن الحسيحاس عن أبي ذر قال: أتيت النبي صلى الله عليه وسلم وهو في المسجد فجلست فقال: "يا أبا ذر هل صليت؟". قلت لا قال قم فصل قال فقمت فصليت ثم جلست فقال يا أبا ذر تعوذ بالله من شر شياطين الإنس والجن. قال: قلت يا رسول الله وللإنس شياطين؟ قال نعم وذكر تمام الحديث بطوله. وكذا رواه الحافظ أبو بكر بن مردوية في تفسيره من حديث جعفر بن عون ويعلى بن عبيد وعبيد الله بن موسى ثلاثتهم عن المسعودي به. " طريق أخرى عن أبي ذر "قال ابن جرير حدثنا المثنى حدثنا الحجاج حدثنا حماد عن حميد بن هلال حدثني رجل من أهل دمشق عن عوف بن مالك عن أبي ذر أن رسول الله صلى الله عليه وسلم قال يا أبا ذر هل تعوذت بالله من شر شياطين الإنس والجن؟ قال: قلت يا رسول الله هل للإنس من شياطين؟ قال: نعم. " طريق أخرى للحديث "قال ابن أبي حاتم حدثنا محمد بن عوف الحمصي حدثنا أبو المغيرة حدثنا معاذ بن رفاعة عن علي بن يزيد عن القاسم عن أبي أمامة قال: قال رسول الله صلى الله عليه وسلم يا أبا ذر تعوذت من شياطين الجن والإنس ؟ قال يا رسول الله وهل للإنس شياطين؟ قال نعم " شياطين الإنس والجن يوحي بعضهم إلى بعض زخرف القول غرورا وقوله "يوحي بعضهم إلى بعض زخرف القول غرورا" فهذه طرق لهذا الحديث ومجموعها يفيد قوته وصحته والله أعلم قال ابن جرير حدثنا ابن وكيع حدثنا أبو نعيم عن شريك عن سعيد بن مسروق عن عكرمة "شياطين الإنس والجن" قال ليس من الإنس شياطين ولكن شياطين الجن يوحون إلى شياطين الإنس وشياطين الإنس يوحون إلى شياطين الجن قال وحدثنا الحارث حدثنا عبد العزيز حدثنا إسرائيل عن السدي عن عكرمة في قوله "يوحي بعضهم إلى بعض زخرف القول غرورا" قال للإنس شياطين وللجن شياطين فيلقى شيطان الإنس شيطان الجن فيوحي بعضهم إلى بعض زخرف القول غرورا وقال أسباط عن السدي عن عكرمة في قوله "يوحي بعضهم إلى بعض" أما شياطين الإنس فالشياطين التي تضل الإنس وشياطين الجن التي تضل الجن يلتقيان فيقول كل واحد منهما لصاحبه إنى أضللت صاحبي بكذا وكذا فأضل أنت صاحبك بكذا وكذا فيعلم بعضهم بعضا ففهم ابن جرير من هذا أن المراد بشياطين الإنس عند عكرمة والسدي الشياطين من الجن الذين يضلون الناس لا أن المراد منه شياطين الإنس منهم ولا شك أن هذا ظاهر من كلام عكرمة وأما كلام السدي فليس مثله في هذا المعنى وهو محتمل. وقد روى ابن أبي حاتم نحو هذا عن ابن عباس من رواية الضحاك عنه قال إن للجن شياطين يضلونهم مثل شياطين الإنس يضلونهم قال فيلتقي شياطين الإنس وشياطين الجن فيقول هذا لهذا أضلله بكذا فهو قوله "يوحي بعضهم إلى بعض زخرف القول غرورا" وعلى كل حال فالصحيح ما تقدم من حديث أبي ذر إن للإنس شياطين منهم وشيطان كل شيء ما رده ولهذا جاء في صحيح مسلم عن أبي ذر أن رسول الله صلى الله عليه وسلم قال "الكلب الأسود شيطان" ومعناه والله أعلم شيطان في الكلاب وقال ابن جريج قال مجاهد في تفسير هذه الآية: كفار الجن شياطين يوحون إلى شياطين الإنس كفار الإنس زخرف القول غرورا وروى ابن أبي حاتم عن عكرمة قال قدمت على المختار فأكرمني وأنزلني حتى كاد يتعاهد مبيتي بالليل قال: فقال لي اخرج إلى الناس فحدثهم قال: فخرجت فجاء رجل فقال: ما تقول في الوحي فقلت الوحي وحيان قال الله تعالى "بما أوحينا إليك هذا القرآن" وقال تعالى "شياطين الإنس والجن يوحي بعضهم إلى بعض زخرف القول غرورا" قال فهموا بي أن يأخذوني فقلت لهم: مالكم ذاك إني مفتيكم وضيفكم فتركوني وإنما عرض عكرمة بالمختار وهو ابن أبي عبيد قبحه الله وكان يزعم أنه يأتيه الوحي وقد كانت أخته صفية تحت عبد الله بن عمر وكانت من الصالحات ولما أخبر عبد الله بن عمر أن المختار يزعم أنه يوحى إليه فقال صدق قال الله تعالى "وإن الشياطين ليوحون إلى أوليائهم" وقوله تعالى "يوحى بعضهم إلى بعض زخرف القول غرورا" أي يلقي بعضهم إلى بعض القول المزين المزخرف وهو المزوق الذي يغتر سامعه من الجهلة بأمره "ولو شاء ربك ما فعلوه" أي وذلك كله بقدر الله وقضائه وإرادته ومشيئته أن يكون لكل نبي عدو من هؤلاء "فذرهم" أي فدعهم "وما يفترون" أي يكذبون أي دع أذاهم وتوكل على الله في عداوتهم فإن الله كافيك وناصرك عليهم.

Every Prophet Has Enemies

Allah says, just as We made enemies for you, O Muhammad, who will oppose and rebel against you and become your adversaries, We also made enemies for every Prophet who came before you. Therefore, do not be saddened by this fact. Allah said in other Ayat:

وَلَقَدْ كُذِّبَتْ رُسُلٌ مِّن قَبْلِكَ فَصَبَرُواْ عَلَى مَا كُذِّبُواْ وَأُوذُواْ

(Verily, Messengers were denied before you, but with patience they bore the denial, and they were hurt...) 6:34, and,

مَّا يُقَالُ لَكَ إِلاَّ مَا قَدْ قِيلَ لِلرُّسُلِ مِن قَبْلِكَ إِنَّ رَبَّكَ لَذُو مَغْفِرَةَ وَذُو عِقَابٍ أَلِيمٍ

(Nothing is said to you except what was said to the Messengers before you. Verily, your Lord is the Possessor of forgiveness, and (also) the Possessor of painful punishment.) 41:43 and,

وَكَذَلِكَ جَعَلْنَا لِكُلِّ نَبِىٍّ عَدُوّاً مِّنَ الْمُجْرِمِينَ

(Thus have We made for every Prophet an enemy among the criminals.) 25:31. Waraqah bin Nawfal said to Allah's Messenger ﷺ, "None came with what you came with but he was the subject of enmity." Allah's statement,

شَيَـطِينَ الإِنْسِ

(Shayatin among mankind...) refers to,

عَدُوًّا

(enemies. ..) meaning, the Prophets have enemies among the devils of mankind and the devils of the Jinns. The word, Shaytan, describes one who is dissimilar to his kind due to his or her wickedness. Indeed, only the Shayatin, may Allah humiliate and curse them, from among mankind and the Jinns oppose the Messengers. `Abdur-Razzaq said that Ma`mar narrated that Qatadah commented on Allah's statement,

شَيَـطِينَ الإِنْسِ وَالْجِنِّ

(Shayatin (devils) among mankind and Jinn...) "There are devils among the Jinns and devils among mankind who inspire each other." Allah's statement,

يُوحِى بَعْضُهُمْ إِلَى بَعْضٍ زُخْرُفَ الْقَوْلِ غُرُوراً

(inspiring one another with adorned speech as a delusion.) means, they inspire each other with beautified, adorned speech that deceives the ignorant who hear it,

وَلَوْ شَآءَ رَبُّكَ مَا فَعَلُوهُ

(If your Lord had so willed, they would not have done it;) for all this occurs by Allah's decree, will and decision, that every Prophet had enemies from these devils,

فَذَرْهُمْ وَمَا يَفْتَرُونَ

(so leave them alone with their fabrications.) and lies. This Ayah orders patience in the face of the harm of the wicked and to trust in Allah against their enmity, for, "Allah shall suffice for you (O Muhammad) and aid you against them." Allah's statement,

وَلِتَصْغَى إِلَيْهِ

(And Tasgha to it.) means, according to Ibn `Abbas, "incline to it."

أَفْئِدَةُ الَّذِينَ لاَ يُؤْمِنُونَ بِالاٌّخِرَةِ

(the hearts of those who do not believe in the Hereafter...) their hearts, mind and hearing. As-Suddi said that this Ayah refers to the hearts of the disbelievers.

وَلِيَرْضَوْهُ

(And that they may remain pleased with it.) they like and adore it. Only those who disbelieve in the Hereafter accept this evil speech, being enemies of the Prophets, etc., just as Allah said in other Ayat,

فَإِنَّكُمْ وَمَا تَعْبُدُونَ - مَآ أَنتُمْ عَلَيْهِ بِفَـتِنِينَ - إِلاَّ مَنْ هُوَ صَالِ الْجَحِيمِ

(So, verily, you (pagans) and those whom you worship (idols). Cannot lead astray. Except those who are predestined to burn in Hell!) 37:161-163 and,

إِنَّكُمْ لَفِى قَوْلٍ مُّخْتَلِفٍ - يُؤْفَكُ عَنْهُ مَنْ أُفِكَ

(Certainly, you have different ideas. Turned aside therefrom is he who is turned aside.) 51:8-9 Allah said;

وَلِيَقْتَرِفُواْ مَا هُم مُّقْتَرِفُونَ

(And that they may commit what they are committing. ) meaning, "let them earn whatever they will earn", according to `Ali bin Abi Talhah who reported this from Ibn `Abbas. As-Suddi and Ibn Zayd also commented, "Let them do whatever they will do."

And so We have appointed to every Prophet an enemy just as We have appointed these your enemies and this ‘adūwwan ‘an enemy’ is substituted by the following shayātīn ‘devils’ devils the rebels of mankind and jinn who inspire whisper fine speech to each other the falsehood that is disguised as such fine speech in delusion that is in order to delude them; yet had your Lord willed they would never have done it that mutual inspiration. So leave them let the disbelievers be with what they fabricate of disbelief and otherwise of what has been adorned for them — this was revealed before the command to fight them.

On Signs and Miracles

The previous verses had mentioned how obstinate people failed to benefit from clear signs of Allah and open miracles of His Messenger and kept on denying the message of truth. The present verses mention how they took a new turn, and demanded particular miracles from the Holy Prophet ﷺ . As reported by Ibn Jarir, the Quraysh chiefs asked that they be shown the miracle of turning the Mount of Safa into solid gold; if so, they would accept that he was a prophet and messenger, and that they would embrace Islam. The Holy Prophet ﷺ said: All right, make a solid agreement that, if this miracle is shown, all of you will become Muslims. They took solemn oaths. The Holy Prophet ﷺ stood up to pray that Allah turns the Mount into gold. Sayyidna Jibra'il (علیہا السلام) came with Wahy which said: If you wish, We shall make this whole Mount a Mount of gold, but the consequence will be that, according to the customary Divine Law, all of them - if they still fail to believe - shall be destroyed through a mass punishment, as has been happening with past communities who demanded a miracle which was shown, yet they reverted back to denial when the wrath and punishment of Allah overtook them. Since the Holy Prophet ﷺ was aware of their habitual obstinacy, and because he was in mercy the foremost, he said that he was not going to pray for that miracle anymore. Thereupon, the following verse was revealed: وَأَقْسَمُوا بِاللَّـهِ جَهْدَ أَيْمَانِهِمْ (And they swore by Allah on eloquent oaths - 109). Reported here is the sworn saying of the disbelievers that they would embrace Islam if they can see the miracle demanded by them. After that, in the sentence which follows immediately, it was said: إِنَّمَا الْآيَاتُ عِندَ اللَّـهِ (Signs are, definitely, with Allah - 109). This contains an answer to their saying. It has been declared here that all signs and miracles are within the power and control of Allah Ta` a1a. As for the miracles already manifested, they too were from Him - and those being demanded now, they too lie within His absolute control. But, according to the dictate of reason and justice, they had no right to make such a demand - because, the Holy Prophet ﷺ claims to be a Messenger of Allah, in support of which, he has already presented proofs and evidences in the form of miracles. Now, the other party does have the right to question these proofs and evidences by showing the proofs of their being false. But, the attitude of not cross-examining evidences presented and yet demanding some other evidences would be like the scenario in a law court where the respondent would avoid cross-examining the witness presented by the plaintiff and take the plea that he does not accept the evidence of these witnesses and that he would accept what is said particularly by such and such a person in his statement. Obviously, no court would consider this plea worth hearing.

Similar is the case of the veracity of a prophet or Rasul of Allah. To that end there are many clear signs and miracles before those who disbelieve. Now, unless they prove that these signs and miracles are false, they have no right to say that they would rather like to see a miracle of this or that kind before they could believe.

After that, upto the end of the cited verses, Muslims have been directly instructed that their duty is to stay firm on the true faith in their individual capacity, as well as convey it to others correctly and properly. If they, even then, show signs of rigidness and obstinacy, one should not worry about them because no one has to be forced into becoming a Muslim. If this was what could be done by force, who can claim to have greater coercive power than Allah Ta` ala. He Himself would have made everyone a Muslim. And in order to give Muslims their peace of heart, it was also explained in the verse that these people will not believe even if Allah were to show them the miracles of their choice openly and clearly. The reason was that their denial was not based on any misunderstanding or lack of awareness. In fact, it was due to their hostility and obstinacy - a disease which cannot be treated by miracles. In verse 111 وَلَوْ أَنَّنَا نَزَّلْنَا إِلَيْهِمُ الْمَلَائِكَةَ , it has been said that these people, if they were shown all miracles demanded by them, in fact, even if they were made to meet with angels and talk to the dead, they would still not believe. In the two verses that follow (112 113), the Holy Prophet ﷺ has been comforted by saying that the hostility of such people against him is nothing surprising. Past prophets too had their enemies - so, let him not be sad about it.

Thus have We made for every prophet an enemy, satans of jinn and men. When someone's rank is higher, his trial will be more complete. When someone is nearer to the Real and his heart more limpid, his soul will be more captured by the hand of the enemy. Yes, without the grief of tribulation, the story of love cannot be told. Without the venom of trial, the honey of friendship cannot be found. Look at what Adam the Chosen, that sapling honored by the Real and nurtured by hallowing, saw from his enemy Iblis. God says, “Then Satan made them slip therefrom and brought them out from what they were in” [2:36]. And that other elder of the prophets and father of the world's folk, Noah-look at what he saw from his own people. For nine hundred and some years he invited them, and every day they beat him so much that he became unconscious, and they advised his own children to be his enemies. That paragon was patient in this trial and he kept hoping that they would have faith. Finally it was said to him, “None of your community will have faith except those who already have faith” [11:36]. He said, “Lord God, since my hope has been cut off and there is no way to wholesomeness, their being in this world will do nothing but increase corruption and cause ruin. Leave no disbeliever dwelling on the earth [71:26].” After that Abraham, the prophet who was the tree of tawḤīd, fell to his knees night and day, placing his white old age in his hands: “Keep me and my sons away from worshiping idols” [14:35]. Look at what reached him from the rebellious Nimrod and what hardship he suffered from his arrogance and obstinacy! So also the prophets one by one-Hūd, ṣāliḤ, Lot, Zachariah, John, Jesus, Moses-came to lamentation at the hands of the tyrants, the arrogant, and the refractory, weeping to the Real. Then, after all of them, MuḤammad MuṣṬafā's trial was more complete and his torment from enemies greater. Thus he said, “No prophet whatsoever has been tormented as I have been tormented.” Those estranged and disrespectful people did not know the measure of that paragon. They did not have the eyes to recognize him. They set out to kill him and bound their belts in cruelty toward him.