4:80 An-Nisaa (The Women)

أي: كل مَنْ أطاع رسول الله في أوامره ونواهيه { فَقَدْ أَطَاعَ اللَّهَ } تعالى لكونه لا يأمر ولا ينهى إلا بأمر الله وشرعه ووحيه وتنزيله، وفي هذا عصمة الرسول صلى الله عليه وسلم لأن الله أمر بطاعته مطلقا، فلولا أنه معصوم في كل ما يُبَلِّغ عن الله لم يأمر بطاعته مطلقا، ويمدح على ذلك. وهذا من الحقوق المشتركة فإن الحقوق ثلاثة: حق لله تعالى لا يكون لأحد من الخلق، وهو عبادة الله والرغبة إليه، وتوابع ذلك. وقسم مختص بالرسول، وهو التعزير والتوقير والنصرة. وقسم مشترك، وهو الإيمان بالله ورسوله ومحبتهما وطاعتهما، كما جمع الله بين هذه الحقوق في قوله: { لِتُؤْمِنُوا بِاللَّهِ وَرَسُولِهِ وَتُعَزِّرُوهُ وَتُوَقِّرُوهُ وَتُسَبِّحُوهُ بُكْرَةً وَأَصِيلًا } فمَنْ أطاع الرسول فقد أطاع الله، وله من الثواب والخير ما رتب على طاعة الله { وَمَنْ تَوَلَّى } عن طاعة الله ورسوله فإنه لا يضر إلا نفسه، ولا يضر الله شيئًا { فَمَا أَرْسَلْنَاكَ عَلَيْهِمْ حَفِيظًا } أي: تحفظ أعمالهم وأحوالهم، بل أرسلناك مبلغا ومبينا وناصحا، وقد أديت وظيفتك، ووجب أجرك على الله، سواء اهتدوا أم لم يهتدوا. كما قال تعالى: { فَذَكِّرْ إِنَّمَا أَنْتَ مُذَكِّرٌ لَسْتَ عَلَيْهِمْ بِمُصَيْطِرٍ } الآية.

يخبر تعالى عن عبده ورسوله محمد صلى الله عليه وسلم بأن من أطاعه فقد أطاع الله ومن عصاه فقد عصى الله وما ذاك إلا لأنه ما ينطق عن الهوى إن هو إلا وحي يوحى قال ابن أبي حاتم: حدثنا أحمد بن سنان حدثنا أبو معاوية عن الأعمش عن أبي صالح عن أبي هريرة قال: قال رسول الله صلى الله عليه وعلى آله وسلم "من أطاعني فقد أطاع الله ومن عصاني فقد عصى الله ومن أطاع الأمير فقد أطاعني ومن عصى الأمير فقد عصاني" وهذا الحديث ثابت في الصحيحين عن الأعمش به. وقوله "ومن تولى فما أرسلناك عليهم حفيظا" أي ما عليك منه إن عليك إلا البلاغ فمن اتبعك سعد ونجا وكان لك من الأجر نظير ما حصل له ومن تولى عنك خاب وخسر وليس عليك من أمره شيء كما جاء في الحديث "من يطع الله ورسوله فقد رشد ومن يعص الله ورسوله فإنه لا يضر إلا نفسه".

Obeying the Messenger ﷺ is Obeying Allah

Allah states that whoever obeys His servant and Messenger, Muhammad ﷺ , obeys Allah; and whoever disobeys him, disobeys Allah. Verily, whatever the Messenger ﷺ utters is not of his own desire, but a revelation inspired to him. Ibn Abi Hatim recorded that Abu Hurayrah said that the Messenger of Allah ﷺ said,

«مَنْ أَطَاعَنِي فَقَدْ أَطَاعَ اللهَ، وَمَنْ عَصَانِي فَقَدْ عَصَى اللهَ، وَمَنْ أَطَاعَ الْأَمِيرَ فَقَدْ أَطَاعَنِي، وَمَنْ عَصَى الْأَمِيرَ فَقَدْ عَصَانِي»

(Whoever obeys me, obeys Allah; and whoever disobeys me, disobeys Allah. Whoever obeys the Amir (leader, ruler), obeys me; and whoever disobeys the Amir, disobeys me.) This Hadith was recorded in the Two Sahihs. Allah's statement,

وَمَن تَوَلَّى فَمَآ أَرْسَلْنَـكَ عَلَيْهِمْ حَفِيظاً

(But he who turns away, then We have not sent you as a watcher over them.) means, do not worry about him. Your job is only to convey, and whoever obeys you, he will acquire happiness and success and you will gain a similar reward to that he earns. As for the one who turns away from you, he will gain failure and loss and you will not carry a burden because of what he does. A Hadith states,

«مَنْ يُطِعِ اللهَ وَرَسُولَهُ فَقَدْ رَشَدَ، وَمَنْ يَعْصِ اللهَ وَرَسُولَهُ فَإِنَّهُ لَا يَضُرُّ إِلَّا نَفْسَه»

(Whoever obeys Allah and His Messenger, will acquire guidance; and whoever disobeys Allah and His Messenger, will only harm himself.)

The Foolishness of the Hypocrites

Allah said,

وَيَقُولُونَ طَاعَةٌ

(They say: "We are obedient,"). Allah states that the hypocrites pretend to be loyal and obedient.

فَإِذَا بَرَزُواْ مِنْ عِندِكَ

(but when they leave you), meaning, when they depart and are no longer with you,

بَيَّتَ طَآئِفَةٌ مِّنْهُمْ غَيْرَ الَّذِى تَقُولُ

(a section of them spends all night in planning other than what you say). They plot at night among themselves for other than what they pretend when they are with you. Allah said,

وَاللَّهُ يَكْتُبُ مَا يُبَيِّتُونَ

(But Allah records their nightly (plots).) meaning, He has full knowledge of their plots and records it through His command to His scribes, the angels who are responsible for recording the actions of the servants. This is a threat from Allah, stating that He knows what the hypocrites try to hide, their plotting in the night to defy the Messenger ﷺ and oppose him, even though they pretend to be loyal and obedient to him. Allah will certainly punish them for this conduct. In a similar Ayah, Allah said,

وَيِقُولُونَ آمَنَّا بِاللَّهِ وَبِالرَّسُولِ وَأَطَعْنَا

(They (hypocrites) say: "We have believed in Allah and in the Messenger, and we obey,") until the end of the Ayah. Allah's statement,

فَأَعْرِضْ عَنْهُمْ

(So turn aside from them) means, pardon them, be forbearing with them, do not punish them, do not expose them to the people and do not fear them.

وَتَوَكَّلْ عَلَى اللَّهِ وَكَفَى بِاللَّهِ وَكِيلاً

(and put your trust in Allah. And Allah is Ever All-Sufficient as a Disposer of affairs.) meaning, He is sufficient as Protector, Supporter and Helper for those who rely on Him and return to Him.

أَفَلاَ يَتَدَبَّرُونَ الْقُرْءَانَ وَلَوْ كَانَ مِنْ عِندِ غَيْرِ اللَّهِ لَوَجَدُواْ فِيهِ اخْتِلَـفاً كَثِيراً

Whoever obeys the Messenger verily obeys God; and whoever turns his back whoever avoids obedience to you do not be concerned with them We have not sent you as a watcher over them to keep watch over their deeds but as a warner. Their affair is Ours to deal with and We will requite them. This statement was before the command to fight them was revealed.

Previous to this, there was the affirmation of prophethood. Now comes the statement which establishes the right of prophethood - it calls for compulsory obedience. In case hostile people refuse to obey, there are words of comfort for the noble Prophet of Islam who has been absolved of any responsibility for their lack of obedience.

The opening statement in the verse presents a very important principle bearing on the authority of the blessed Rasul of Allah. Here, the obedience to the Prophet ﷺ has been equated with obedience to Allah. From this it follows that whoever disobeys the Prophet, invariably disobeys the command of Allah. Since, obedience to Allah is obligatory, even rationally - so, obedience to the Prophet ﷺ also turns out to be equally obligatory. As for the person who, inspite of the truth being all too manifest, elects to turn his back and reject the message given by the Prophet, then, the Prophet has been asked not to worry about the callous behaviour of such people because Allah has not sent His Prophet ﷺ to stand guard over their behaviour for which he is not responsible. It means that the Prophet of Allah is not duty-bound to see that they do not indulge in disbelief. He is simply not charged with the mission of stopping them from disbelieving. His mission is to deliver the Message. Once this is done, his duty as a Prophet stands fulfilled. After that, if they still go about disbelieving, it is their business for which he is in no way accountable. (Maulana Ashraf Thanavi, Bayan al-Qura'n)

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