4:8 An-Nisaa (The Women)

وهذا من أحكام الله الحسنة الجليلة الجابرة للقلوب فقال: { وَإِذَا حَضَرَ الْقِسْمَةَ } أي: قسمة المواريث { أُولُو الْقُرْبَى } أي: الأقارب غير الوارثين بقرينة قوله: { الْقِسْمَةَ } لأن الوارثين من المقسوم عليهم. { وَالْيَتَامَى وَالْمَسَاكِين } أي: المستحقون من الفقراء. { فَارْزُقُوهُم مِّنْهُ } أي: أعطوهم ما تيسر من هذا المال الذي جاءكم بغير كد ولا تعب، ولا عناء ولا نَصَب، فإن نفوسهم متشوفة إليه، وقلوبهم متطلعة، فاجبروا خواطرهم بما لا يضركم وهو نافعهم. ويؤخذ من المعنى أن كل من له تطلع وتشوف إلى ما حضر بين يدي الإنسان، ينبغي له أن يعطيه منه ما تيسر، كما كان النبي صلى الله عليه وسلم يقول: \"إذا جاء أحدَكم خادمُه بطعامه فليجلسه معه، فإن لم يجلسه معه، فليناوله لقمة أو لقمتين\" أو كما قال. وكان الصحابة رضي الله عنهم -إذا بدأت باكورة أشجارهم- أتوا بها رسول الله صلى الله عليه وسلم فبرَّك عليها، ونظر إلى أصغر وليد عنده فأعطاه ذلك، علما منه بشدة تشوفه لذلك، وهذا كله مع إمكان الإعطاء، فإن لم يمكن ذلك -لكونه حق سفهاء، أو ثَم أهم من ذلك- فليقولوا لهم { قَولًا مَعْرُوفًا } يردوهم ردًّا جميلا، بقول حسن غير فاحش ولا قبيح.

" ذكر من قال إن هذه الآية منسوخة بالكلية" قال سفيان الثوري عن محمد بن السائب الكلبي عن أبي صالح عن ابن عباس رضي الله تعالى عنهما "وإذا حضر القسمة" قال منسوخة. قال إسماعيل بن مسلم المكي عن قتادة عن عكرمة عن ابن عباس قال في هذه الآية "وإذا حضر القسمة أولوا القربى" نسختها الآية التي يعدها "يوصيكم الله في أولادكم" وروى العوفي عن ابن عباس رضي الله تعالى عنهما في هذه الآية "وإذا حضر القسمة أولو القربى" كان ذلك قبل أن تنزل الفرائض فأنزل الله بعد ذلك الفرائض فأعطى كل ذي حق حقه فجعلت الصدقة فيما سمى المتوفي رواهن ابن مردوية. وقال ابن أبي حاتم: حدثنا الحسن بن محمد بن الصباح حدثنا حجاج عن ابن جريج وعثمان بن عطاء عن عطاء عن ابن عباس في فوله "وإذا حضر القسمة أولوا القربى واليتامى والمساكين" نسختها آية الميراث فجعل لكل إنسان نصيبه مما ترك الوالدان والأقربون مما قل منه أو كثر. وحدثنا أسيد بن عاصم حدثنا سعيد بن عامر عن همام حدثنا قتادة عن سعيد بن المسيب أنه قال إنها منسوخة قبل الفرائض كان ما ترك الرجل من مال أعطي منه اليتيم والفقير والمسكين وذوو القربى إذا حضروا القسمة ثم نسختها المواريث فألحق الله بكل ذي حق حقه وصارت الوصية من ماله يوصي بها لذوي قرابته حيث شاء. وقال مالك عن الزهري عن سعيد بن المسيب هي منسوخة نسختها المواريث والوصية. وهكذا روي عن عكرمة وأبي الشعثاء والقاسم بن محمد وأبي صالح وأبي مالك وزيد بن أسلم والضحاك وعطاء الخراساني ومقاتل بن حيان وربيعة بن أبي عبدالرحمن أنهم قالوا إنها منسوخة وهذا مذهب جمهور الفقهاء والأئمة الأربعة وأصحابهم وقد اختار ابن جرير ههنا قولا غريبا جدا وحاصله أن معنى الآية عنده "وإذا حضر القسمة" أي وإذا حضر قسمة مال الوصية أولو قرابة الميت "فارزقوهم منه وقولوا" لليتامى والمساكين إذا حضروا "قولا معروفا " هذا معنى ما حاوله بعد طول العبارة والتكرار وفيه نظر والله أعلم. وقال العوفي عن ابن عباس وإذا حضر القسمة هي قسمة الميراث وهكذا قال غير واحد والمعنى على هذا لا على مـا سلكه ابن جرير رحمه الله بـل المعنى أنه إذا حضر هؤلاء الفقراء من القرابة الذين لا يرثون واليتامى والمساكين قسمة مال جزيل فإن أنفسهم تتوق إلى شيء منه إذا رأوا هذا يأخذ وهذا يأخذ وهم يائسون لا شيء يعطونه فأمر الله تعالى وهو الرءوف الرحيم أن يرضخ لهم شيء من الوسط يكون برا بهم وصدقة عليهم وإحسانا إليهم وجبرا لكسرهم. كما قال الله تعالى "كلوا من ثمره إذا أثمر وآتوا حقه يوم حصاده" وذم الذين ينقلون المال خفية خشية أن يطلع عليهم المحاويج وذوو الفاقة كما أخبر به عن أصحاب الجنة إذ أقسموا ليصرمنها مصبحين أي بليل. وقال "فانطلقوا وهم يتخافتون أن لا يدخلنها اليوم عليكم مسكين" فـ"دمر عليهم وللكافرين أمثالها" فمن جحد حق الله عليه عاقبه في أعز ما يملكه ولهذا جاء في الحديث "ما خالطت الصدقة مالا إلا أفسدته" أي منعها يكون سبب محق ذلك المال بالكلية.

The Necessity of Surrendering the Inheritance According to the Portions that Allah Ordained

Sa`id bin Jubayr and Qatadah said, "The idolators used to give adult men a share of inheritance and deprive women and children of it. Allah revealed;

لِّلرِّجَالِ نَصيِبٌ مِّمَّا تَرَكَ الْوَلِدَنِ وَالاٌّقْرَبُونَ

(There is a share for men from what is left by parents and those nearest in relation)." Therefore, everyone is equal in Allah's decision to inherit, even though their shares vary according to the degree of their relationship to the deceased, whether being a relative, spouse, etc. Ibn Marduwyah reported that Jabir said, "Umm Kujjah came to the Messenger of Allah ﷺ and said to him, `O Messenger of Allah! I have two daughters whose father died, and they do not own anything.' So Allah revealed;

لِّلرِّجَالِ نَصيِبٌ مِّمَّا تَرَكَ الْوَلِدَنِ وَالاٌّقْرَبُونَ

(There is a share for men from what is left by parents and those nearest in relation.)" We will mention this Hadith when explaining the two Ayat about inheritance. Allah knows best. Allah said,

وَإِذَا حَضَرَ الْقِسْمَةَ

(are present at the time of division,) those who do not have a share in the inheritance,

وَالْيَتَـمَى وَالْمَسَـكِينُ

(and the orphans and the poor), are also present upon dividing the inheritance, give them a share of the inheritance. Al-Bukhari recorded that Ibn `Abbas said that the Ayah,

وَإِذَا حَضَرَ الْقِسْمَةَ أُوْلُواْ الْقُرْبَى وَالْيَتَـمَى وَالْمَسَـكِينُ

(And when the relatives and the orphans and the poor are present at the time of division), was not abrogated. Ibn Jarir recorded that Ibn `Abbas said that this Ayah still applies and should be implemented. Ath-Thawri said that Ibn Abi Najih narrated from Mujahid that implementing this Ayah, "Is required from those who have anything to inherit, paid from whatever portions their hearts are satisfied with giving away." Similar explanation was reported from Ibn Mas`ud, Abu Musa, `Abdur-Rahman bin Abi Bakr, Abu Al-`Aliyah, Ash-Sha`bi and Al-Hasan. Ibn Sirin, Sa`id bin Jubayr, Makhul, Ibrahim An-Nakha`i, `Ata' bin Abi Rabah, Az-Zuhri and Yahya bin Ya`mar said this payment is obligatory. Others say that this refers to the bequeathal at the time of death. And others say that it was abrogated. Al-`Awfi reported that Ibn `Abbas said that this Ayah,

وَإِذَا حَضَرَ الْقِسْمَةَ

(And when are present at the time of division), refers to divisions of inheritance. So, when poor relatives, who are ineligible for inheritance, orphans, and the poor attend the division of the inheritance, which is sometimes substantial, their hearts will feel eager to have a share, seeing each eligible person assuming his share; while they are desperate, yet are not given anything. Allah the Most Kind, Most Compassionate, commands that they should have a share in the inheritance as an act of kindness, charity, compassion and mercy for them.

Observing Fairness in the Will

Allah said,

وَلْيَخْشَ الَّذِينَ لَوْ تَرَكُواْ مِنْ خَلْفِهِمْ

(And let those have the same fear in their minds as they would have for their own, if they had left behind...) `Ali bin Abi Talhah reported that Ibn `Abbas said that this part of the Ayah, "Refers to a man who is near death and he dictates a will and testament that harms some of the rightful inheritors. Allah commands whoever hears such will to fear Allah, and direct the dying man to do what is right and to be fair, being as eager to protect the inheritors of the dying man as he would be with his own." Similar was reported from Mujahid and several others. The Two Sahihs record that when the Messenger of Allah ﷺ visited Sa`d bin Abi Waqqas during an illness he suffered from, Sa`d said to the Messenger, "O Messenger of Allah! I am wealthy and have no inheritors except a daughter. Should I give two-thirds of my property in charity" He said, "No." Sa`d asked, "Half" He said, "No." Sa`d said, "One-third" The Prophet said;

«الثُّلُثُ، وَالثُّلُثُ كَثِير»

(One-third, and even one-third is too much.) The Messenger of Allah ﷺ then said,

«إِنَّكَ أَنْ تَذَرَ وَرَثَتَكَ أَغْنِيَاءَ خَيْرٌ مِنْ أَنْ تَذَرَهُمْ عَالَةً يَتَكَفَّفُونَ النَّاس»

(You'd better leave your inheritors wealthy rather than leaving them poor, begging from others.)

A Stern Warning Against Those Who Use Up the Orphan's Wealth

It was also said that the Ayah

وَلاَ تَأْكُلُوهَآ إِسْرَافاً وَبِدَاراً أَن يَكْبَرُواْ

(consume it not wastefully and hastily, fearing that they should grow up,) means, let them have Taqwa of Allah when taking care of the orphan's wealth, as Ibn Jarir recorded from Al-`Awfi who reported this explanation from Ibn `Abbas. This is a sound opinion that is supported by the warning that follows against consuming the orphan's wealth unjustly. In this case, the meaning becomes: Just as you would want your offspring to be treated fairly after you, then treat other people's offspring fairly when you are given the responsibility of caring for them. Allah proclaims that those who unjustly consume the wealth of orphans, will be eating fire into their stomach, this is why Allah said,

إِنَّ الَّذِينَ يَأْكُلُونَ أَمْوَلَ الْيَتَـمَى ظُلْماً إِنَّمَا يَأْكُلُونَ فِى بُطُونِهِمْ نَاراً وَسَيَصْلَوْنَ سَعِيراً

(Verily, those who unjustly eat up the property of orphans, they eat up only a fire into their bellies, and they will be burnt in the blazing Fire!) meaning, when you consume the orphan's wealth without a right, then you are only consuming fire, which will kindle in your stomach on the Day of Resurrection. It is recorded in the Two Sahihs that Abu Hurayrah said that the Messenger of Allah ﷺ said,

«اجْتَنِبُوا السَّبْعَ الْمُوبِقَات»

(Avoid the seven great destructive sins. ) The people asked, "O Allah's Messenger! What are they" He said,

«الشِّرْكُ بِاللهِ، وَالسِّحْرُ، وَقَتْلُ النَّفْسِ الَّتِي حَرَّمَ اللهُ إِلَّا بِالْحَقِّ، وَأَكْلُ الرِّبَا، وَأَكْلُ مَالِ الْيَتِيمِ، وَالتَّوَلِّي يَوْمَ الزَّحْفِ، وَقَذْفُ الْمُحْصَنَاتِ الْمُؤْمِنَاتِ الْغَافِلَات»

(To join others in worship along with Allah, magic, to kill the life which Allah has forbidden except for a just cause, to consume interest, to consume an orphan's property, to turn your back to the enemy and flee from the battlefield at the time of fighting, and to accuse chaste women who never even think of anything harmful to their chastity being good believers.)

And when the division of the inheritance is attended by kinsmen those of kinship who cannot inherit and orphans and the poor grant them something out of it before the division is effected; and if the inheritors are young speak to them O guardians honourable words kindly by apologising to them that it is not your possession to divide as you wish but that it is for the young inheritors. Some say that this stipulation was abrogated; others say that it was not only that people were all too readily neglecting it since it was encouraged but not prescribed. According to Ibn ‘Abbās however it is a duty.

Now look at the beauty and delicacy of the Qur'anic arrangement of things. On the one hand, there is the just rule offered by the Qur'an itself - that the nearer in kinship shall exclude the farther. On the other hand, there is that wonderful concern for the disappointment of the excluded farther'. Therefore, a regular verse (8) has been devoted to carry the necessary instruction as to how this situation will be handled:

وَإِذَا حَضَرَ‌ الْقِسْمَةَ أُولُو الْقُرْ‌بَىٰ وَالْيَتَامَىٰ وَالْمَسَاكِينُ فَارْ‌زُقُوهُم مِّنْهُ وَقُولُوا لَهُمْ قَوْلًا مَّعْرُ‌وفًا ﴿8﴾

It means that distant relatives, orphans and the needy who are to be excluded from having a share in the inheritance and who, nevertheless, show up at the time of its distribution, then, it is the moral obligation of those who get a share in the inheritance that they voluntarily give them some of it, which would become an act of charity for them, and certainly, a modality of reward from Allah. At a time like this, when wealth and property are coming to them, without their having made any effort, simply through the mercy of Allah Almighty - then, their own hearts should beat with the urge to give whatever they can, in the way of Allah, an example of which appears in another verse (Al an'am: 6:141) cited below:

كُلُوا مِن ثَمَرِ‌هِ إِذَا أَثْمَرَ‌ وَآتُوا حَقَّهُ يَوْمَ حَصَادِهِ

That is, eat the fruit of your farm when it bears fruit and on the day of its harvesting give away the due (of the poor and the needy) on it.

In short, the fact that distant kindred, orphans and the needy assemble at the time of the distribution of inheritance should be no cause of irritation. On the contrary one should be grateful to Allah that He has bestowed on him something he did not work for, therefore, it will be good to give away a part from it as a token of gratitude. In fact, one should take it as a God-sent opportunity to let these people have a little from what they have received which would certainly compensate the sense of deprivation faced by these people. Incidentally, this includes and covers the grandson of the deceased who was excluded from the inheritance.

His uncles and paternal aunts should actually be pleased to give him something each from their respective shares.

The statement at the end of the verse (8): وَقُولُوا لَهُمْ قَوْلًا مَّعْرُ‌وفًا (and speak to them in fair words) gives the guideline in case these people are not satisfied with the manner and quantum of what they get but start demanding a share equal to that of everybody else, then, this demand being unjust and contrary to Shari'ah, there is no way to satisfy it, however, instead of behaving to them in a crude manner which may hurt their feelings, the actual rules-of Shari'ah should be explained to them in a polite manner. They can be told that they do not have a share in the inheritance as stipulated by the rule of Islamic law and that which has been given to them has been given to them as a gift. At this point, one should make sure that the gift or donation given to such people does not come out of the total property inherited. Here it is important that the donation should be made by adult inheritors present, from their respective shares. Such gifts from the shares of the minor and the absent are not allowed in Shari'ah.