4:65 An-Nisaa (The Women)

ثم أقسم تعالى بنفسه الكريمة أنهم لا يؤمنون حتى يحكموا رسوله فيما شجر بينهم، أي: في كل شيء يحصل فيه اختلاف، بخلاف مسائل الإجماع، فإنها لا تكون إلا مستندة للكتاب والسنة، ثم لا يكفي هذا التحكيم حتى ينتفي الحرج من قلوبهم والضيق، وكونهم يحكمونه على وجه الإغماض، ثم لا يكفي ذلك حتى يسلموا لحكمه تسليمًا بانشراح صدر، وطمأنينة نفس، وانقياد بالظاهر والباطن. فالتحكيم في مقام الإسلام، وانتفاء الحرج في مقام الإيمان، والتسليم في مقام الإحسان. فمَن استكمل هذه المراتب وكملها، فقد استكمل مراتب الدين كلها. فمَن ترك هذا التحكيم المذكور غير ملتزم له فهو كافر، ومَن تركه، مع التزامه فله حكم أمثاله من العاصين.

وقوله "فلا وربك لا يؤمنون حتى يحكموك فيما شجر بينهم" يقسم تعالى بنفسه الكريمة المقدسة أنه لا يؤمن أحد حتى يحكم الرسول صلى الله عليه وسلم في جميع الأمور فما حكم به فهو الحق الذي يجب الانقياد له باطنا وظاهرا ولهذا قال "ثم لا يجدوا في أنفسهم حرجا مما قضيت ويسلموا تسليما" أي إذا حكموك يطيعونك في بواطنهم فلا يجدون في أنفسهم حرجا مما حكمت به وينقادون له في الظاهر والباطن فيسلمون لذلك تسليما كليا من غير ممانعة ولا مدافعة ولا منازعة كما ورد في الحديث "والذي نفسي بيده لا يؤمن أحدكم حتى يكون هواه تبعا لما جئت به" وقال البخاري: حدثنا علي بن عبدالله حدثنا محمد بن جعفر حدثنا معمر عن الزهري عن عروة قال: خاصم الزبير رجل ا في شراج الحرة فقال النبي صلى الله عليه وسلم "اسق يا زبير ثم أرسل الماء إلى جارك" فقال الأنصاري: يا رسول الله إن كان ابن عمتك؟ فتلون وجه رسول الله صلى الله عليه وسلم ثم قال "اسق يا زبير ثم احبس الماء حتى يرجع إلى الجدر ثم أرسل الماء إلى جارك" فاستوعى النبي صلى الله عليه وسلم وسلم للزبير حقه في صريح الحكم حين أحفظه الأنصاري وكان أشار عليهما صلى الله عليه وسلم بأمر لهما فيه سعة قال الزبير: فما أحسب هذه الآية إلا نزلت في ذلك "فلا وربك لا يؤمنون حتى يحكموك فيما شجر بينهم" الآية. هكذا رواه البخاري ههنا أعني في كتاب التفسير في صحيحه من حديث معمر وفي كتاب الشرب من حديث ابن جريج ومعمر أيضا وفي كتاب الصلح من حديث شعيب بن أبى حمزة ثلاثتهم عن الزهري عن عروة فذكره وصورة صورته الإرسال وهو متصل في المعنى وقد رواه الإمام أحمد من هذا الوجه فصرح بالإرسال فقال: حدثنا أبو اليمان حدثنا شعيب عن الزهري أخبرني عروة بن الزبير أن الزبير كان يحدث أنه كان يخاصم رجلا من الأنصار قد شهد بدرا إلى النبي صلى اله عليه وسلم في شراج الحرة كان يسقيان بها كلاهما فقال النبي صلى الله عليه وسلم للزبير "اسق ثم أرسل إلى جارك" فغضب الأنصاري وقال: يا رسول الله صلى الله عليه وسلم إن كان ابن عمتك؟ فتلون وجه رسول الله صلى الله عليه وسلم ثم قال "اسق يا زبير ثم احبس الماء حتى يرجع إلى الجدر" فاستوعى النبي صلى الله عليه وسلم الزبير حقه وكان النبي صلى الله عليه وسلم قبل ذلك أشار على الزبير برأي أراد فيه سعة له وللأنصاري فلما أحفظ الأنصاري رسول الله صلى الله عليه وسلم استوعى النبي صلى الله عليه وسلم للزبير حقه في صريح الحكم ثم قال: قال عروة فقال الزبير: والله ما أحسب هذه الآية نزلت إلا في ذلك "فلا وربك لا يؤمنون حتى يحكموك فيما شجر بينهم ثم لا يجدوا في أنفسهم حرجا مما قضيت ويسلموا تسليما" هكذا رواه الإمام أحمد وهو منقطع بين عروة وبين أبيه الزبير فانه لم يسمع منه والذي يقطع به أنه سمعه من أخيه عبدالله فإن أبا محمد عبدالرحمن بن أبي حاتم رواه كذلك في تفسيره فقال: حدثنا يونس بن عبدالأعلى حدثنا ابن وهب أخبرني الليث ويونس عن ابن شهاب أن عروة بن الزبير حدثه أن عبدالله بن الزبير حدثه عن الزبير بن العوام أنه خاصم رجلا من الأنصار قد شهد بدرا مع النبي صلى الله عليه وسلم إلى رسول الله صلى الله عليه وسلم في شراج في الحرة كانا يسقيان به كلاهما النخل فقال الأنصاري: سرح الماء يمر فأبى عليه الزبير فقال رسول الله صلى الله عليه وسلم "اسق يا زبير ثم أرسل إلى جارك" فغضب الأنصاري وقال: يا رسول الله إن كان ابن عمتك؟ فتلون وجه رسول الله صلى الله عليه وسلم ثم قال "اسق يا زبير ثم احبس الماء حتى يرجع إلى الجدر" واستوعى رسول الله صلى الله عليه وسلم للزبير حقه وكان رسول الله صلى الله عليه وسلم قبل ذلك أشار على الزبير برأي أراد فيه السعة له وللأنصاري فلما أحفظ الأنصاري رسول الله صلى الله عليه وسلم استوعى للزبير حقه في صريح الحكم فقال الزبير: ما أحسب هذه الآية إلا في ذلك "فلا وربك لا يؤمنون حتى يحكموك فيما شجر بينهم ثم لا يجدوا في أنفسهم حرجا منا قضيت ويسلموا تسليما" وهكذا رواه النسائي من حديث ابن وهب به ورواه أحمد والجماعة كلهم من حديث الليث به وجعله أصحاب الأطراف في مسند عبدالله بن الزبير وكذا ساقه الإمام أحمد في مسند عبدالله بن الزبير والله أعلم. والعجب كل العجب من الحاكم أبي عبدالله النيسابوري فإنه روى هذا الحديث من طريق ابن أخي ابن شهاب عن عمه عن عروة عن عبدالله بن الزبير عن الزبير فذكره ثم قال: صحيح الإسناد ولم يخرجاه. فإني لا أعلم أحدأ أقام بهذا الإسناد عن الزهري بذكر عبدالله بن الزبير غير ابن أخيه وهو عنه ضعيف وقال الحافظ أبو بكر بن مردوية حدثنا محمد بن علي أبو دحيم حدثنا أحمد بن حازم حدثنا الفضل بن دكين حدثنا ابن عيينة عن عمرو بن دينار عن سلمة رجل من آل أبي سلمة قال: خاصم الزبير رجلا إلى النبي صلى الله عليه وسلم فقضى للزبير فقال الرجل له: إنما قضى له لأنه ابن عمته. فنزلت فلا وربك لا يؤمنون الآية وقال ابن أبى حاتم حدثنا أبي حدثنا عمرو بن عثمان حدثنا أبو حيوة حدثنا سعيد بن عبدالعزيز عن الزهري عن سعيد بن المسيب في قوله "فلا وربك لا يؤمنون" قال: نزلت في الزبير بن العوام وحاطب بن أبي بلتعة اختصما في ماء فقضى النبي صلى الله عليه وسلم الله عليه وسلم أن يسقي الأعلى ثم الأسفل هذا مرسل ولكن فيه فائدة تسمية الأنصاري "وذكر سبب آخر غريب جدا" قال ابن أبي حاتم: حدثنا يونس بن عبدالأعلى قراءة أخبرنا ابن وهب أخبرني عبدالله بن لهيعة عن أبي الأسود قال: اختصم رجلان إلى رسول الله صلى الله عليه وسلم فقضى بينهما فقال المقضى عليه: ردنا إلى عمر بن الخطاب فقال رسول الله صلى الله عليه وسلم "نعم انطلقا إليه" فلما أتيا إليه فقال الرجل: يا ابن الخطاب قضى لي رسول الله صلى الله عليه وسلم على هذا فقال ردنا إلى عمر بن الخطاب فردنا إليك فقال أكذاك؟ قال نعم فقال عمر: مكانكما حتى أخرج إليكما فأقضي بينكما فخرج إليهما مشتملا على سيفه فضرب الذي قال ردنا إلى عمر فقتله وأدبر الآخر فأتى إلى رسول الله صلى الله عليه وسلم فقال: يا رسول الله قتل عمر والله صاحبي ولولا أنى أعجزته لقتلني فقال رسول الله صلى الله عليه وسلم "ما كنت أظن أن يجترئ عمر على قتل مؤمن" فأنزل الله "فلا وربك لا يؤمنون حتى يحكموك" الآية فهدر دم ذلك الرجل وبريء عمر من قتله فكره الله أن يسن ذلك بعد فأنزل "ولو أنا كتبنا عليهم أن اقتلوا أنفسكم" الآية وكذا رواه ابن مردوية من طريق ابن لهيعة عن أبي الأسود به وهو أثر غريب مرسل وابن لهيعة ضعيف والله أعلم. "طريق أخرى" قال الحافظ أبو إسحاق إبراهيم بن عبدالرحمن بن إبراهيم بن دحيم في تفسيره: حدثنا شعيب بن شعيب حدثنا أبو المغيرة حدثنا عتبة بن ضمرة حدثني أبي أن رجلين اختصما إلى النبي صلى الله عليه وسلم فقضى للمحق على المبطل فقال المقضى عليه لا أرضى؟ فقال صاحبه فما تريد قال: أن تذهب إلى أبي بكر الصديق فذهبا إليه فقال الذي قضى له: قد اختصمناه إلى النبي صلى الله عليه وسلم فقضى لي فقال أبن بكر: أنتما على ما قضى به رسول الله صلى الله عليه وسلم فأبى صاحبه أن يرضى فقال نأتي عمر بن الخطاب فقال المقضى له: قد اختصمنا إلى النبي صلى الله عليه وسلم فقضى لي عليه فأبى أن يرضى فسأله عمر بن الخطاب فقال كذلك فدخل عمر منزله وخرج والسيف في يده قد سله فضرب به رأس الذي أبى أن يرضى فقتله فأنزل الله "فلا وربك لا يؤمنون" الآية.

The Necessity of Obeying the Messenger ﷺ

Allah said,

وَمَآ أَرْسَلْنَا مِن رَّسُولٍ إلاَّ لِيُطَاعَ

(We sent no Messenger, but to be obeyed) meaning, obeying the Prophet was ordained for those to whom Allah sends the Prophet. Allah's statement,

بِإِذُنِ اللَّهِ

(by Allah's leave) means, "None shall obey, except by My leave," according to Mujahid. This Ayah indicates that the Prophets are only obeyed by whomever Allah directs to obedience. In another Ayah, Allah said,

وَلَقَدْ صَدَقَكُمُ اللَّهُ وَعْدَهُ إِذْ تَحُسُّونَهُمْ بِإِذْنِهِ

(And Allah did indeed fulfill His promise to you when you were killing them (your enemy) with His permission) meaning, by His command, decree, will and because He granted you superiority over them. Allah's statement,

وَلَوْ أَنَّهُمْ إِذ ظَّلَمُواْ أَنفُسَهُمْ

(If they (hypocrites), when they had been unjust to themselves,) directs the sinners and evildoers, when they commit errors and mistakes, to come to the Messenger ﷺ, so that they ask Allah for forgiveness in his presence and ask him to supplicate to Allah to forgive them. If they do this, Allah will forgive them and award them His mercy and pardon. This is why Allah said,

لَوَجَدُواْ اللَّهَ تَوَّاباً رَّحِيماً

(they would have found Allah All-Forgiving (One Who forgives and accepts repentance), Most Merciful).

One Does not Become a Believer Unless He Refers to the Messenger ﷺ for Judgment and Submits to his Decisions

Allah said,

فَلاَ وَرَبِّكَ لاَ يُؤْمِنُونَ حَتَّى يُحَكِّمُوكَ فِيمَا شَجَرَ بَيْنَهُمْ

(But no, by your Lord, they can have no faith, until they make you judge in all disputes between them,) Allah swears by His Glorious, Most Honorable Self, that no one shall attain faith until he refers to the Messenger ﷺ for judgment in all matters. Thereafter, whatever the Messenger ﷺ commands, is the plain truth that must be submitted to inwardly and outwardly. Allah said,

ثُمَّ لاَ يَجِدُواْ فِى أَنفُسِهِمْ حَرَجاً مِّمَّا قَضَيْتَ وَيُسَلِّمُواْ تَسْلِيماً

(and find in themselves no resistance against your decisions, and accept (them) with full submission.) meaning: they adhere to your judgment, and thus do not feel any hesitation over your decision, and they submit to it inwardly and outwardly. They submit to the Prophet's decision with total submission without any rejection, denial or dispute. Al-Bukhari recorded that `Urwah said, "Az-Zubayr quarreled with a man about a stream which both of them used for irrigation. Allah's Messenger ﷺ said to Az-Zubayr,

«اسْقِ يَا زُبَيْرُ ثُمَّ أَرْسِلِ الْمَاءَ إِلى جَارِك»

(O Zubayr! Irrigate (your garden) first, and then let the water flow to your neighbor.) The Ansari became angry and said, `O Allah's Messenger! Is it because he is your cousin' On that, the face of Allah's Messenger changed color (because of anger) and said,

«اسْقِ يَا زُبَيْرُ ثُمَّ احْبِسِ الْمَاءَ حَتَّى يَرْجِعَ إِلَى الْجَدْرِ،ثُمَّ أَرْسِلِ الْمَاءَ إِلى جَارِك»

(Irrigate (your garden), O Zubayr, and then withhold the water until it reaches the walls (surrounding the palms). Then, release the water to your neighbor.) So, Allah's Messenger ﷺ gave Az-Zubayr his full right when the Ansari made him angry. Before that, Allah's Messenger ﷺ had given a generous judgment, beneficial for Az-Zubayr and the Ansari. Az-Zubayr said, `I think the following verse was revealed concerning that case,

فَلاَ وَرَبِّكَ لاَ يُؤْمِنُونَ حَتَّى يُحَكِّمُوكَ فِيمَا شَجَرَ بَيْنَهُمْ

(But no, by your Lord, they can have no faith, until they make you (O Muhammad ) judge in all disputes between them.)"' Another Reason In his Tafsir, Al-Hafiz Abu Ishaq Ibrahim bin `Abdur-Rahman bin Ibrahim bin Duhaym recorded that Damrah narrated that two men took their dispute to the Prophet , and he gave a judgment to the benefit of whoever among them had the right. The person who lost the dispute said, "I do not agree." The other person asked him, "What do you want then" He said, "Let us go to Abu Bakr As-Siddiq." They went to Abu Bakr and the person who won the dispute said, "We went to the Prophet with our dispute and he issued a decision in my favor." Abu Bakr said, "Then the decision is that which the Messenger of Allah ﷺ issued." The person who lost the dispute still rejected the decision and said, "Let us go to `Umar bin Al-Khattab." When they went to `Umar, the person who won the dispute said, "We took our dispute to the Prophet and he decided in my favor, but this man refused to submit to the decision." `Umar bin Al-Khattab asked the second man and he concurred. `Umar went to his house and emerged from it holding aloft his sword. He struck the head of the man who rejected the Prophet's decision with the sword and killed him. Consequently, Allah revealed,

فَلاَ وَرَبِّكَ لاَ يُؤْمِنُونَ

(But no, by your Lord, they can have no faith).

But no fa-lā the lā is extra by your Lord! They will not believe until they make you judge over what has broken out has become mixed up between them and find in themselves no inhibition no constraint or doubt regarding what you decide but submit but comply with your ruling in full submission without objection.

Commentary

Not accepting the decision of the Holy Prophet is Kufr

This verse, while projecting a powerful view of the highly exalted station of the noble Prophet ﷺ presents a very explicit statement concerning the need to obey him, something conclusively proved by so many verses of the Holy Qur'an. The verse opens with the ultimate oath, "by your Lord", following which Allah Almighty proclaims that nobody can become a Muslim unless he accepts the verdict of the Holy Prophet ﷺ willingly, calmly and fully to the extent that there remains even in his heart not the slightest strain because of this verdict.

The Holy Prophet ﷺ is himself the exerciser of God-given authority over his community in his capacity as the Messenger of Allah and he is thus responsible for adjudicating in every dispute that may arise. The authority he excercises in making decisions certainly does not depend upon his being made a judge by some litigants. We should also keep in mind that Muslims have been asked to make the prophet their judge because people are generally not satisfied with judgments delivered by someone appointed by the government as compared with an arbitrator they themselves choose to have. But, the Holy Prophet ﷺ ، is not only the ruler of a state, he is a Messenger of Allah, protected against sins by Him, and sent as mercy for the worlds, and also a loving father for his community - so, the compassionate instruction given is that, whenever a situation of conflict arises in social or religious matters, the contesting parties are duty-bound to make the Holy Prophet ﷺ the arbitrator and judge and have him give the final verdict, and once the verdict has been given by him, let them all accept it whole-heartedly and act accordingly.

The Authority of the Holy Prophet ﷺ extends to all times

Commentators say that acting in accordance with this command of the Holy Qur'n is not restricted to the blessed times when he graced this mortal world. After him, the verdict of the sacred Law left by him, is nothing but his own verdict. Therefore, the rule reigns supreme right through the Last Day, the rule that guidance should be sought by-turning directly to the Holy Prophet LI during his blessed life-time, and after him, one must turn to his Shari'ah which is, in all reality, a return to him, may Allah bless him forever and ever.

Some problems and their solutions

1. To begin with, as already stated earlier, the rule is that a person who is not satisfied with the decision given by the Holy Prophet ﷺ ، in every dispute and in every problem or issue, is not a Muslim. As we already know, this was the reason why Sayyidna ` Umar ؓ killed the person who was not satisfied with the decision given by the Holy Prophet ﷺ following which he carried the case to Sayyidna ` Umar for an alternate judgment. The heirs of the person killed went to the court of the Holy Prophet ﷺ with a suit against Sayyidna ` Umar ؓ accusing him of having killed a Muslim without a valid legal reason. It is important to note here, and this has not been taken up earlier, that the following words, when the case was presented before the Holy Prophet ﷺ ، came out spontaneously from his blessed lips: " مَا کنت أظن أن عمر یجترء علٰی قتل رجل مؤمن " (that is, I never thought ` Umar will ever dare killing a believing Muslim). This proves that the higher authority, when approached with an appeal against the decision of a lower authority, should not take sides with his subordinate authority, but should come up with a decision based on justice and fairness alone, as it has been illustrated above where the Holy Prophet ﷺ expressed his displeasure over the decision of Sayyidna ` Umar ؓ - before the revelation of the verse had a bearing on this incident. Once this verse was revealed, the reality came out in the open that the person killed was not a believing Muslim as confirmed by this verse.

2. The second ruling which emerges from the expression: فیما شَجَرَ (in the disputes which arise) settles that it is not restricted to dealings and rights alone; it covers articles of belief, ideas and many other theoretical problems. (at-Bahr al-Muhit) Therefore, given such a wide spectrum if intellectual and social activity, it is not unlikely that things could go to the undesirable limits of mutual differences in views and ways when confronting a certain problem. When this does happen, it is the duty of a Muslim not to continue mutual disputation, instead of which, both parties should revert back to the Holy Prophet ﷺ ، and when he is not with them personally, they must revert back to his Shari’ ah to search for the solution of their problems.

3. The third rule of self-assessment that we find from here is: Doing something, which was provenly said or done by the Holy Prophet ﷺ ، with a heavy heart is a sign of weakness in faith ('Iman). For example, there are occasions when the Shari’ ah has allowed the performance of salah by making tayammum in place of the regular wudu with water; now, if a person feels uneasy and not so satisfied with the idea of making the symbolic tayammum in place of a regular wuclu he would very much like to do, then, he should not take this attitude of his as a sign of taqwa or piety, instead, he should take it to be caused by some spiritual sickness. Who can be more muttaqi, more God-fearing than the Holy Prophet ﷺ ? If the form and condition in which he allowed people to perform their prayers while sitting - and he himself performed it while sitting - does not find favour with a person looking for the satisfaction of his heart, and he elects to undergo unbearable hardship by insisting to stand and perform his prayer in that position, then, he better be sure that there is some sickness is his heart. However, if a person, whose pain or discomfort or need is not that acute, elects not to use the leave (rukhsah) given to him by the Shari’ ah and, instead of that, chooses to take the path of high determination.(` azimah) which is, then, correct in accordance with the very teaching of the Holy Prophet ﷺ . But feeling any strain in utilizing the leaves (rukhsah) granted by the Shari’ ah as some sort of absolute rule is no taqwa. It is for this reason that the Holy Prophet ﷺ has said: یُحِبُّ اَن تُؤتٰی اِنَ اللہ تعالیٰ یُحِبُّ اَن تُؤتٰی رُخصہ کَمَا یُحِبُّ اَن تُؤتٰی عَزَایٔمُہ (that is, 'the way Allah Almighty is pleased with what is done with high determination, so is He pleased with what is done by using leaves).'

The best method of general ` Ibadat (acts of worship), Adhkar اَذکَار (plural of dhikr: the remembrance of Allah), Aurad اوراد (plural of wird وِرد : self-allotted voluntary recitations, made privately in specified hours of the morning or night), Durud (prayer to Allah that peace and blessings be on the Holy Prophet ﷺ and Tasbih (glorification of Allah) is no different than what used to be the routine of the Holy Prophet ﷺ himself and which was, after him, followed consistently by his noble Companions, may Allah be pleased with them all. All Muslims must, as a matter or personal obligation, find these out from the authentic and sound narrations of hadith so that they can make them an integral part of their daily routine of life.

Special Note

Details given above clearly show that the Holy Prophet was not only a reformer and moral leader but was a just ruler as well, an authority of such class and majesty that his judgment was declared to be the very criterion of belief and disbelief, a 'distinguishing feature between 'Iman and Kufr, as evident from the incident relating to Bishr, the hypocrite. To make this prophetic station more explicit, Allah Almighty has, at many places in His sacred Book made the obedience of the Holy Prophet ﷺ mandatory along with His own due obedience incumbent on all believers. Thus, the Qur'an says: أَطِيعُوا اللَّـهَ وَأَطِيعُوا الرَّ‌سُولَ (Obey Allah and obey the Messenger - 3:32; 3:132; 4:59; 5:92; 24:54; 47:33; 64:12). Then, elsewhere it says: مَّن يُطِعِ الرَّ‌سُولَ فَقَدْ أَطَاعَ اللَّـهَ (Whoever obeys the Messenger, he really obeys Allah - 4:80).1

1. For a detailed treatment of this aspect, please see "The Authority of Sunnah" by Muhammad Taqi Usmani.

A little deliberation in these verses will unfold the radiant grandeur of his authority, a practical demonstration of which became manifest when Allah Almighty sent to him His Law so that he can decide cases in accordance with it. Therefore, it was said: إِنَّا أَنزَلْنَا إِلَيْكَ الْكِتَابَ بِالْحَقِّ لِتَحْكُمَ بَيْنَ النَّاسِ بِمَا أَرَ‌اكَ اللَّـهُ ۚ (that is, 'We revealed to you the Book with the truth so that you may judge between people by what Allah makes you see.' ) (4:105)

Then they will not find in themselves any tightness from what thou decreest and will sur- render with full submission. “Do you not know that all the work has been bound to my tracks, and both houses have been at- tached to my street?” What rank and good fortune! What nobility and excellence! From the era of Adam until today, who has had such complete bounty and such well-arranged work, such celestial exaltedness and such god-like luster? After 500 and some years, the pillar of his Shariah's good fortune is flourishing, his branches blooming, his wood yielding fruit, his eminence elevated, his decree predominant. His splendor is in this world, his fame in the next. Each heart has a lamp from him, each tongue a burning brand from him, each heart a splendor from him, each head a call from him, each spirit a place for him. If you fancy that there is none of God's gentleness-there is. That above the world's beauties there is no king-there is. If you suppose that the spirits of good men in their passion have no familiarity with the beauty of the dust of your feet-they do. And if you think that when you lift up your tresses from your cheek the lamp of the spheres has no brightness from you-it does. [DS 821-22]