4:160 An-Nisaa (The Women)

ثم أخبر تعالى أنه حرم على أهل الكتاب كثيرا من الطيبات التي كانت حلالا عليهم، وهذا تحريم عقوبة بسبب ظلمهم واعتدائهم، وصدهم الناس عن سبيل الله، ومنعهم إياهم من الهدى، وبأخذهم الربا وقد نهوا عنه، فمنعوا المحتاجين ممن يبايعونه عن العدل، فعاقبهم الله من جنس فعلهم فمنعهم من كثير من الطيبات التي كانوا بصدد حلها، لكونها طيبة، وأما التحريم الذي على هذه الأمة فإنه تحريم تنزيه لهم عن الخبائث التي تضرهم في دينهم ودنياهم.

يخبر تعالى أنه بسبب ظلم اليهود بما ارتكبوه من الذنوب العظيمة حرم عليهم طيبات كان أحلها لهم كما قال ابن أبي حاتم: حدثنا محمد بن عبدالله بن يزيد المقري حدثنا سفيان بن عيينة عن عمرو قال: قرأ ابن عباس. " طيبات كانت أحلت لهم " وهذا التحريم قد يكون قدريا بمعنى أنه تعالى قيضهم لإن تأولوا في كتابهم وحرفوا وبدلوا أشياء كانت حلالا لهم فحرموها على أنفسهم تشديدا منهم على أنفسهم وتضييقا وتنطعا ويحتمل أن يكون شرعيا بمعنى أنه تعالى حرم عليهم في التوراة أشياء كانت حلالا لهم قبل ذلك كما قال تعالى " كل الطعام كان حلا لبني إسرائيل إلا ما حرم إسرائيل على نفسه من قبل أن تنزل التوراة " وقد قدمنا الكلام على هذه الآية وأن المراد أن الجميع من الأطعمة كانت حلالا لهم من قبل أن تنزل التوراة ما عدا ما كان حرم إسرائيل على نفسه من لحوم الإبل وألبانها ثم إنه تعالى حرم أشياء كثيرة في التوراة كما قال في سورة الأنعام " وعلى الذين هادوا حرمنا كل ذي ظفر ومن البقر والغنم حرمنا عليهم شحومهما إلا ما حملت ظهورهما أو الحوايا أو ما اختلط بعظم ذلك جزيناهم ببغيهم وإنا لصادقون " أي إنما حرمنا عليهم ذلك لأنهم يستحقون ذلك بسبب بغيهم وطغيانهم ومخالفتهم رسولهم واختلافهم عليه ولهذا قال " فبظلم من الذين هادوا حرمنا عليهم طيبات أحلت لهم وبصدهم عن سبيل الله كثيرا " أي صدوا الناس وصدوا أنفسهم عن اتباع الحق وهذه سجية لهم متصفون بها من قديم الدهر وحديثه ولهذا كانوا أعداء الرسل وقتلوا خلقا من الأنبياء وكذبوا عيسى ومحمدا صلوات الله وسلامه عليهما.

Some Foods Were Made Unlawful for the Jews Because of their Injustice and Wrongdoing

Allah states that because of the injustice and transgression of the Jews, demonstrated by committing major sins, He prohibited some of the lawful, pure things which were previously allowed for them. This prohibition could be only that of decree, meaning that Allah allowed the Jews to falsely interpret their Book and change and alter the information about what was allowed for them. They thus, out of exaggeration and extremism in the religion, prohibited some things for themselves. It could also mean that in the Tawrah, Allah prohibited things that were allowed for them before. Allah said,

كُلُّ الطَّعَامِ كَانَ حِـلاًّ لِّبَنِى إِسْرَءِيلَ إِلاَّ مَا حَرَّمَ إِسْرَءِيلُ عَلَى نَفْسِهِ مِن قَبْلِ أَن تُنَزَّلَ التَّوْرَاةُ

(All food was lawful to the Children of Israel, except what Isra'il made unlawful for himself before the Tawrah was revealed.) We mentioned this Ayah before, which means that all types of food were allowed for the Children of Israel before the Tawrah was revealed, except the camel's meat and milk that Isra'il prohibited for himself. Later, Allah prohibited many things in the Tawrah. Allah said in Surat Al-An`am (chapter 6),

وَعَلَى الَّذِينَ هَادُواْ حَرَّمْنَا كُلَّ ذِى ظُفُرٍ وَمِنَ الْبَقَرِ وَالْغَنَمِ حَرَّمْنَا عَلَيْهِمْ شُحُومَهُمَآ إِلاَّ مَا حَمَلَتْ ظُهُورُهُمَآ أَوِ الْحَوَايَآ أَوْ مَا اخْتَلَطَ بِعَظْمٍ ذَلِكَ جَزَيْنَـهُم بِبَغْيِهِمْ وِإِنَّا لَصَـدِقُونَ

(And unto those who are Jews, We forbade every (animal) with undivided hoof, and We forbade them the fat of the ox and the sheep except what adheres to their backs or their entrails, or is mixed up with a bone. Thus We recompensed them for their rebellion. And verily, We are Truthful.) This means, We prohibited these things for them because they deserved it due to their transgression, injustice, defying their Messenger and disputing with him. So Allah said;

فَبِظُلْمٍ مِّنَ الَّذِينَ هَادُواْ حَرَّمْنَا عَلَيْهِمْ طَيِّبَـتٍ أُحِلَّتْ لَهُمْ وَبِصَدِّهِمْ عَن سَبِيلِ اللَّهِ كَثِيراً

(For the wrongdoing of the Jews, We made unlawful to them certain good foods which had been lawful to them, and for their hindering many from Allah's way.) This Ayah states that they hindered themselves and others from following the truth, and this is the behavior that they brought from the past to the present. This is why they were and still are the enemies of the Messengers, killing many of the Prophets. They also denied Muhammad ﷺ and `Isa, peace be upon them. mAllah said,

وَأَخْذِهِمُ الرِّبَا وَقَدْ نُهُواْ عَنْهُ

(And their taking of Riba' though they were forbidden from taking it,) Allah prohibited them from taking Riba', yet they did so using various kinds of tricks, ploys and cons, thus devouring people's property unjustly. Allah said,

وَأَعْتَدْنَا لِلْكَـفِرِينَ مِنْهُمْ عَذَاباً أَلِيماً

(And We have prepared for the disbelievers among them a painful torment. ) Allah then said,

لَّـكِنِ الرَّاسِخُونَ فِى الْعِلْمِ مِنْهُمْ

(But those among them who are well-grounded in knowledge...) firm in the religion and full of beneficial knowledge. We mentioned this subject when we explained Surah Al `Imran (3). The Ayah;

وَالْمُؤْمِنُونَ

(and the believers...) refers to the well-grounded in knowledge;

يُؤْمِنُونَ بِمَآ أُنزِلَ إِلَيْكَ وَمَآ أُنزِلَ مِن قَبْلِكَ

(believe in what has been sent down to you and what was sent down before you;) Ibn `Abbas said, "This Ayah was revealed concerning `Abdullah bin Salam, Tha`labah bin Sa`yah, Zayd bin Sa`yah and Asad bin `Ubayd who embraced Islam and believed what Allah sent Muhammad ﷺ with. Allah said,

وَالْمُؤْتُونَ الزَّكَوةَ

(and give Zakah,) This could be referring to the obligatory charity due on one's wealth and property, or those who purify themselves, or both. Allah knows best.

وَالْمُؤْمِنُونَ بِاللَّهِ وَالْيَوْمِ الاٌّخِرِ

(and believe in Allah and in the Last Day,) They believe that there is no deity worthy of worship except Allah, believe in Resurrection after death and the reward or punishment for the good or evil deeds. Allah's statement,

أُوْلَـئِكَ

(It is they,) those whom the Ayah described above,

سَنُؤْتِيهِمْ أَجْراً عَظِيماً

(To whom We shall give a great reward.) means Paradise.

And because of the evildoing fa-bi-zulmin is to be understood as fa-bi-sababi zulmin ‘and for the reason of the evildoing’ of some of those of Jewry the Jews We have forbidden them certain good things that were lawful for them those things mentioned where God says And to those of Jewry We have forbidden every beast with claws Q. 6146; and because of their barring of people from God’s way from His religion many a time.

Mentioned earlier through several verses were the wrongdoings of Jews and the punishment they would get for doing so. The present verses talk about some other vices of theirs and mention yet another kind of punishment as well. This punishment will, obviously, visit them on the Day of Judgment. But, right here in this present world, the outcome will be that they will find many things already lawful for

them made unlawful as a measure of punishment.

Commentary

In the Shari` ah brought by the Holy Prophet Muhammad al Mustafa ﷺ there are some things too, known as Haram or unlawful, but these were forbidden because of one or the other physical or spiritual harm they bring. This was contrary to what happened with the Jews - the good things forbidden to them had no physical or spiritual harm in them, instead, these were forbidden to them as the punishment of their acts of transgression and disobedience.

And for the wrongdoing of those who are Jews, We forbade them certain good things. Embarking on prohibited things necessitates the forbidding of licit things. If you see gentleness and generosity reaching a servant, it is because he has preserved the outward of the Shariah and has wanted to show reverence to it in spirit and heart. Inevitably, he has reached the repose of whispered prayers and the gentle favors of union's gifts. In contrast, if you see harshness and severity, it is because he has looked with denial on the sanctuary of the Shariah and has put to work the religion's prohibited things in following the commanding soul. Yes, that is the way it is: When someone holds back from the outward of the Shariah, the beauty of the Haq- iqah veils its face from him. If someone disdains commands and prohibitions, what wonder if faith and recognition take their bags away from his heart? If not for the Shariah, the turning wheel would stop; if not for the religion, the Twins would quit the sky. [DS 56]