39:42 Az-Zumar (The Groups)

يخبر تعالى أنه المتفرد بالتصرف بالعباد، في حال يقظتهم ونومهم، وفي حال حياتهم وموتهم، فقال: { اللَّهُ يَتَوَفَّى الْأَنْفُسَ حِينَ مَوْتِهَا } وهذه الوفاة الكبرى، وفاة الموت.وإخباره أنه يتوفى الأنفس وإضافة الفعل إلى نفسه، لا ينافي أنه قد وكل بذلك ملك الموت وأعوانه، كما قال تعالى: { قُلْ يَتَوَفَّاكُمْ مَلَكُ الْمَوْتِ الَّذِي وُكِّلَ بِكُمْ } { حَتَّى إِذَا جَاءَ أَحَدَكُمُ الْمَوْتُ تَوَفَّتْهُ رُسُلُنَا وَهُمْ لَا يُفَرِّطُونَ } لأنه تعالى يضيف الأشياء إلى نفسه، باعتبار أنه الخالق المدبر، ويضيفها إلى أسبابها، باعتبار أن من سننه تعالى وحكمته أن جعل لكل أمر من الأمور سببا.وقوله: { وَالَّتِي لَمْ تَمُتْ فِي مَنَامِهَا } وهذه الموتة الصغرى، أي: ويمسك النفس التي لم تمت في منامها، { فَيُمْسِكُ } من هاتين النفسين النفس { الَّتِي قَضَى عَلَيْهَا الْمَوْتَ } وهي نفس من كان مات، أو قضي أن يموت في منامه.{ وَيُرْسِلُ } النفس { الْأُخْرَى إِلَى أَجَلٍ مُسَمًّى } أي: إلى استكمال رزقها وأجلها. { إِنَّ فِي ذَلِكَ لَآيَاتٍ لِقَوْمٍ يَتَفَكَّرُونَ } على كمال اقتداره، وإحيائه الموتى بعد موتهم.وفي هذه الآية دليل على أن الروح والنفس جسم قائم بنفسه، مخالف جوهره جوهر البدن، وأنها مخلوقة مدبرة، يتصرف اللّه فيها في الوفاة والإمساك والإرسال، وأن أرواح الأحياء والأموات تتلاقى في البرزخ، فتجتمع، فتتحادث، فيرسل اللّه أرواح الأحياء، ويمسك أرواح الأموات.

ثم قال تعالى مخبرا عن نفسه الكريمة بأنه المتصرف في الوجود بما يشاء وأنه يتوفى الأنفس الوفاة الكبرى بما يرسل من الحفظة الذين يقبضونها من الأبدان والوفاة الصغرى عند المنام كما قال تبارك وتعالى "وهو الذي يتوفاكم بالليل ويعلم ما جرحتم بالنهار ثم يبعثكم فيه ليقضي أجل مسمى إليه مرجعكم ثم ينبئكم بما كنتم تعملون وهو القاهر فوق عباده ويرسل عليكم حفظة حتى إذا جاء أحدكم الموت توفته رسلنا وهم لا يفرطون" فذكر الوفاتين الصغرى ثم الكبرى وفي هذه الآية ذكر الكبرى ثم الصغرى ولهذا قال تبارك وتعالى "الله يتوفى الأنفس حين موتها والتي لم تمت في منامها فيمسك التي قضي عليها الموت ويرسل الأخرى إلى أجل مسمى" فيه دلالة على أنها تجتمع في الملإ الأعلى كما ورد بذلك الحديث المرفوع الذي رواه ابن منده وغيره وفي صحيحي البخاري ومسلم من حديث عبيد الله بن عمر عن سعيد بن أبي سعيد عن أبيه عن أبي هريرة رضي الله عنه قال: قال رسول الله صلى الله عليه وسلم "إذا أوى أحدكم إلى فراشه فلينفضه بداخلة إزاره فإنه لا يدري ما خلفه عليه ثم ليقل باسمك ربي وضعت جنبي وبك أرفعه إن أمسكت نفسي فارحمها وإن أرسلتها فاحفظها بما تحفظ به عبادك الصالحين" وقال بعض السلف يقبض أرواح الأموات إذا ماتوا وأرواح الأحياء إذا ناموا فتتعارف ما شاء الله تعالى أن تتعارف "فيمسك التي قضى عليها الموت" التي قد ماتت ويرسل الأخرى إلى أجل مسمى قال السدي إلى بقية أجلها وقال ابن عباس رضي الله عنهما يمسك أنفس الأموات ويرسل أنفس الأحياء ولا يغلط "إن في ذلك لآيات لقوم يتفكرون".

إِنَّآ أَنزَلْنَا عَلَيْكَ الْكِتَـبَ

(Verily, We have sent down to you the Book) meaning, the Qur'an.

لِلنَّـاسِ بِالْحَق

(for mankind in truth.) means, for all of creation, mankind and Jinn, so that he may warn them therewith.

فَـمَنِ اهْتَـدَى فَلِنَفْسِهِ

(So, whosoever accepts the guidance, it is only for himself;) means, the benefit of that will return to him.

وَمَن ضَلَّ فَإِنَّمَا يَضِلُّ عَلَيْهَا

(and whosoever goes astray, he goes astray only for his (own) loss.) means, the consequences of that will return to him.

وَمَآ أَنتَ عَلَيْهِم بِوَكِيلٍ

(And you are not a trustee over them. ) means, `you are not responsible for guiding them.'

إِنَّمَآ أَنتَ نَذِيرٌ وَاللَّهُ عَلَى كُلِّ شَىْءٍ وَكِيلٌ

(But you are only a warner. And Allah is a Trustee over all things) (11:12).

فَإِنَّمَا عَلَيْكَ الْبَلَـغُ وَعَلَيْنَا الْحِسَابُ

(your duty is only to convey and on Us is the reckoning) (13:40).

Allah is the One Who causes Death and gives Life

Then Allah tells us that He is in control of all things and does as He wills. He causes men to die (the "greater death") when He sends the angels to take men's souls from their bodies, and He causes them to "die a lesser death" when they sleep. Allah says:

وَهُوَ الَّذِى يَتَوَفَّـكُم بِالَّيْلِ وَيَعْلَمُ مَا جَرَحْتُم بِالنَّهَارِ ثُمَّ يَبْعَثُكُمْ فِيهِ لِيُقْضَى أَجَلٌ مّسَمًّى ثُمَّ إِلَيْهِ مَرْجِعُكُمْ ثُمَّ يُنَبِّئُكُم بِمَا كُنتُمْ تَعْمَلُونَ - وَهُوَ الْقَاهِرُ فَوْقَ عِبَادِهِ وَيُرْسِلُ عَلَيْكُم حَفَظَةً حَتَّى إِذَا جَآءَ أَحَدَكُمُ الْمَوْتُ تَوَفَّتْهُ رُسُلُنَا وَهُمْ لاَ يُفَرِّطُونَ

(It is He, Who takes your souls by night (when you are asleep), and has knowledge of all that you have done by day, then He raises (wakes) you up again that a term appointed be fulfilled, then (in the end) unto Him will be your return. Then He will inform you of that which you used to do. He is the Irresistible, over His servants, and He sends guardians (angels guarding and writing all of one's good and bad deeds) over you, until when death approaches one of you, Our messengers (angels) take his soul, and they never neglect their duty.)(6:60-61). Here Allah mentions the two deaths, the lesser death then the greater death after it; in the Ayah above (39: 42), He mentions the greater then the lesser. Allah says:

اللَّهُ يَتَوَفَّى الاٌّنفُسَ حِينَ مِوْتِـهَا وَالَّتِى لَمْ تَمُتْ فِى مَنَامِـهَا فَيُمْسِكُ الَّتِى قَضَى عَلَيْهَا الْمَوْتَ وَيُرْسِلُ الاٍّخْرَى إِلَى أَجَلٍ مُّسَمًّى

(It is Allah Who takes away the souls at the time of their death, and those that die not during their sleep. He keeps those (souls) for which He has ordained death and sends the rest for a term appointed.) This indicates that they the souls meet in the higher realm, as was stated in the Hadith attributed to the Prophet which was narrated by Ibn Mandah and others. In the Two Sahihs of Al-Bukhari and Muslim, it is reported that Abu Hurayrah, may Allah be pleased with him, said that the Messenger of Allah ﷺ said:

«إِذَا أَوَى أَحَدُكُمْ إِلى فِرَاشِهِ فَلْيَنْفُضْهُ بِدَاخِلَةِ إِزَارِهِ، فَإِنَّهُ لَا يَدْرِي مَا خَلَفَهُ عَلَيْهِ، ثُمَّ لِيَقُلْ: بِاسْمِكَ رَبِّي وَضَعْتُ جَنْبِي، وَبِكَ أَرْفَعُهُ، إِنْ أَمْسَكْتَ نَفْسِي فَارْحَمْهَا، وَإِنْ أَرْسَلْتَهَا فَاحْفَظْهَا بِمَا تَحْفَظُ بِهِ عِبَادَكَ الصَّالِحِين»

(When anyone of you goes to bed, let him brush down the bed with his garment, for he does not know what has come on his bed since he left it. Then let him say, "In Your Name, O Lord, I lay down my side and in Your Name I raise it up; if You take my soul, have mercy on it, and if You send it back, protect it with that which You protect Your righteous servants.")

فَيُمْسِكُ الَّتِى قَضَى عَلَيْهَا الْمَوْتَ

(He keeps those (souls) for which He has ordained death) means, those which have died, and He returns the others back for an appointed term. As-Suddi said, "For the rest of their lives." Ibn `Abbas, may Allah be pleased with him, said, "He keeps the souls of the dead and sends back the souls of the living, and He does not make any mistakes.

إِنَّ فِى ذلِكَ لآيَـتٍ لِّقَوْمٍ يَتَفَكَّرُونَ

(Verily, in this are signs for a people who think deeply.)

God takes the souls at the time of their death and He takes those that have not died in their sleep in other words He takes them during sleep. Then He retains those for whom He has ordained death and releases the others until an appointed term that is until the time of their death. The one that is released is the soul that possesses the faculty of discernment without which the soul containing the force of life is able to remain temporarily — but this cannot be the other way round. Truly in that mentioned there are signs indications for a people who reflect and then realise that the One with the power to do this also has the power to resurrect — Quraysh however never reflected on this fact.

Commentary

The time to sleep and the time to die: How is the soul exacted and what is the difference between the two

In verse 42, it was said: اللَّـهُ يَتَوَفَّى الْأَنفُسَ حِينَ مَوْتِهَا وَالَّتِي لَمْ تَمُتْ فِي مَنَامِهَا (Allah fully takes away the souls [ of the people ] at the time of their death, and [ of ] those who do not die, in their sleep.). The word: تَوَفَّی (tawaffa) literally means to receive, to take back, exact. In this verse, Allah Ta’ ala has stated very clearly and emphatically that the spirits or souls (arwah) of living beings are under the free will and discretionary dispensation of Allah Ta’ ala at all times and under all conditions. He can seize, exact and take them back at will. And there is at least one manifestation of this absolutely autonomous dispensation that every living being sees and feels everyday when, once asleep, the ruh (spirit, soul) of a person is, so to say, taken away from the body, then, returned on rising from sleep, and ultimately, one such time is bound to come when this ruh stands seized, absolutely and conclusively, following which, this will never be returned.

According to Tafsir Mazhari, the sense of 'taking the ruh away' is to sever its connection with the human body. There are occasions when it is totally severed, both outwardly and inwardly. This is what death is. Then, there are occasions when it is severed only outwardly while it remains active inwardly, the effect of which is that it is only the sense and volitional movement - being obvious signs of life - that are severed, however, the connection of ruh with the body remains active inwardly. Under this arrangement, one breathes and stays alive, however, the form it takes is that the human spirit (ruh) is made to turn its attention to a (panoramic) study of the universe of images ('Alam-ul-mithal), and whereby it is made to pass into a state of forgetfulness and suspension away from this universe, so that one can become fully at rest. And then, at times, even this inward connection is severed because of which the life of the body goes extinct, totally.

In the verse cited above, the word: يَتَوَفَّى (yatawaffa) in the sense of 'takes in full' (qabd) is used by way of ` umum-ul- majaz which covers both meanings. This difference of ruh (spirit, soul) being taken away both in death and sleep delineated earlier also finds support in a saying of Sayyidna ` Ali ؓ . He said that, at the time of sleep, the ruh of a person goes away from his body, but a beam or ray of ruh stays behind in the body due to which one remains alive - and it is through this 'beamed' connection that one sees a dream. Then this dream, in the event that it has been seen in the state the attention of the ruh was raptly turned towards the universe of images, is a true dream. But, if it was seen in a state when the ruh was returning back to the body, then, it becomes polluted with Shaitanic inputs, and that dream no more remains a true dream. And he also said that the ruh that comes out of the body of a person during the state of sleep returns to the body when one wakes up within a time that is much less than an eye would take to wink.