33:59 Al-Ahzaab (The Clans)

هذه الآية، التي تسمى آية الحجاب، فأمر اللّه نبيه، أن يأمر النساء عمومًا، ويبدأ بزوجاته وبناته، لأنهن آكد من غيرهن، ولأن الآمر [لغيره] ينبغي أن يبدأ بأهله، قبل غيرهم كما قال تعالى: { يَا أَيُّهَا الَّذِينَ آمَنُوا قُوا أَنْفُسَكُمْ وَأَهْلِيكُمْ نَارًا } أن { يُدْنِينَ عَلَيْهِنَّ مِنْ جَلَابِيبِهِنَّ } وهن اللاتي يكن فوق الثياب من ملحفة وخمار ورداء ونحوه، أي: يغطين بها، وجوههن وصدورهن.ثم ذكر حكمة ذلك، فقال: { ذَلِكَ أَدْنَى أَنْ يُعْرَفْنَ فَلَا يُؤْذَيْنَ } دل على وجود أذية، إن لم يحتجبن، وذلك، لأنهن إذا لم يحتجبن، ربما ظن أنهن غير عفيفات، فيتعرض لهن من في قلبه مرض، فيؤذيهن، وربما استهين بهن، وظن أنهن إماء، فتهاون بهن من يريد الشر. فالاحتجاب حاسم لمطامع الطامعين فيهن.{ وَكَانَ اللَّهُ غَفُورًا رَحِيمًا } حيث غفر لكم ما سلف، ورحمكم، بأن بين لكم الأحكام، وأوضح الحلال والحرام، فهذا سد للباب من جهتهن.

يقول تعالى آمرا رسوله صلى الله عليه وسلم تسليما أن يأمر النساء المؤمنات المسلمات - خاصة أزواجه وبناته لشرفهن - بأن يدنين عليهم من جلابيبهن ليتميزن عن سمات نساء الجاهلية وسمات الإماء والجلباب هو الرداء فوق الخمار قاله ابن مسعود وعبيدة وقتادة والحسن البصري وسعيد بن جبير وإبراهيم النخعي وعطاء الخراساني وغير واحد وهو بمنزلة الإزار اليوم قال الجوهري الجلباب الملحفة قالت امرأة من هذيل ترثي قتيلا لها: تمشي النسور إليه وهي لاهية مشي العذارى عليهن الجلابيب قال علي بن أبي طلحة عن ابن عباس أمر الله نساء المومنين إذا خرجن من بيوتهن في حاجة أن يغطين وجوههن من فوق رؤوسهن بالجلابيب ويبدين عينا واحدة وقال محمد بن سيرين سألت عبيدة السلماني عن قول الله عز وجل "يدنين عليهن من جلابيبهن "فغطى وجهه ورأسه وأبرز عينه اليسرى وقال عكرمة تغطي ثغرة نحرها بجلبابها تدنيه عليها وقال ابن أبي حاتم حدثنا أبو عبد الله الطبراني فيما كتب إلي حدثنا عبد الرزاق أخبرنا معمر عن ابن خيثم عن صفية بنت شيبه عن أم سلمة قالت لما نزلت هذه الآية "يدنين عليهن من جلابيبهن "خرج نساء الأنصار كأن على رؤوسهن الغربان من السكينة وعليهن أكسية سود يلبسنها وقال ابن أبي حاتم حدثنا أبي حدثنا أبو صالح حدثني الليث حدثنا يونس بن يزيد قال وسألناه يعني الزهري هل على الوليدة خمار متزوجة أو غير متزوجة؟ قال عليها الخمار إن كانت متزوجة وتنهى عن الجلباب لأنه يكره لهن أن يتشبهن بالحرائر المحصنات وقد قال الله تعالى "يا أيها النبي قل لأزواجك وبناتك ونساء المؤمنين يدنين عليهن من جلابيبهن " وروي عن سفيان الثوري أنه قال: لا بأس بالنظر إلى زينة نساء أهل الذمة وإنما نهي عن ذلك لخوف الفتنة لا لحرمتهن واستدل بقوله تعالى "ونساء المؤمنين "وقوله "ذلك أدنى أن يعرفن فلا يؤذين "أي إذا فعلن ذلك عرفهن أنهن حرائر لسن بإماء ولا عواهر قال السدي في قوله تعالى "يا أيها النبي قل لأزواجك وبناتك ونساء المؤمنين يدنين عليهن من جلابيبهن ذلك أدنى أن يعرفن فلا يؤذين "قال كان ناس من فساق أهل المدينة يخرجون بالليل حين يختلط الظلام إلى طرق المدينة فيعرضون للنساء وكانت مساكن أهل المدينة ضيقة فإذا كان الليل خرج النساء إلى الطرق يقضين حاجتهن فكان أولئك الفساق يبتغون ذلك منهن فإذا رأوا المرأة عليها جلباب قالوا هذه حرة فكفوا عنها فإذا رأوا المرأة ليس عليها جلباب قالوا هذه أمة فوثبوا عليها وقال مجاهد يتجلين فيعلم أنهن حرائر فلا يتعرض لهن فاسق بأذى ولا ريبة وقوله تعالى "وكان الله غفورا رحيما "أي لما سلف في أيام الجاهلية حيث لم يكن عندهن علم بذلك.

The Command of Hijab

Here Allah tells His Messenger to command the believing women -- especially his wives and daughters, because of their position of honor -- to draw their Jilbabs over their bodies, so that they will be distinct in their appearance from the women of the Jahiliyyah and from slave women. The Jilbab is a Rida', worn over the Khimar. This was the view of Ibn Mas`ud, `Ubaydah, Qatadah, Al-Hasan Al-Basri, Sa`id bin Jubayr, Ibrahim An-Nakha`i, `Ata' Al-Khurasani and others. It is like the Izar used today. Al-Jawhari said: "The Jilbab is the outer wrapper. `Ali bin Abi Talhah reported that Ibn `Abbas said that Allah commanded the believing women, when they went out of their houses for some need, to cover their faces from above their heads with the Jilbab, leaving only one eye showing. Muhammad bin Sirin said, "I asked `Ubaydah As-Salmani about the Ayah:

يُدْنِينَ عَلَيْهِنَّ مِن جَلَـبِيبِهِنَّ

(to draw their Jalabib over their bodies.) He covered his face and head, with just his left eye showing."

ذلِكَ أَدْنَى أَن يُعْرَفْنَ فَلاَ يُؤْذَيْنَ

(That will be better that they should be known so as not to be annoyed. ) means, if they do that, it will be known that they are free, and that they are not servants or whores.

وَكَانَ اللَّهُ غَفُوراً رَّحِيماً

(And Allah is Ever Oft-Forgiving, Most Merciful.) means, with regard to what happened previously during the days of Jahiliyyah, when they did not have any knowledge about this.

A Stern Warning to the Evil Hypocrites

Then Allah issues a warning to the hypocrites, those who make an outward display of faith while concealing their disbelief,

وَالَّذِينَ فِي قُلُوبِهِم مَّرَضٌ

(those in whose hearts is a disease,) `Ikrimah and others said that this refers to adulterers in this instance.

وَالْمُرْجِفُونَ فِى الْمَدِينَةِ

(and those who spread false news among the people in Al-Madinah) means, those who say that the enemy has come and war has started, which is a lie and a fabrication. Unless they give up these actions and return to the truth,

لَنُغْرِيَنَّكَ بِهِمْ

(We shall certainly let you overpower them,) `Ali bin Abi Talhah reported that Ibn `Abbas said, "We will give you power over them." Qatadah said: "We will incite you against them." As-Suddi said: "We will inform you about them."

ثُمَّ لاَ يُجَاوِرُونَكَ فِيهَآ

(then they will not be able to stay in it) means, in Al-Madinah,

إِلاَّ قَلِيلاًمَّلْعُونِينَ

(but a little while. Accursed...) `this describes their state while they are in Al-Madinah for this short time before they are expelled and sent far away.'

أَيْنَمَا ثُقِفُواْ أُخِذُواْ

(they shall be seized wherever found,) means, `they will be attacked, because they are so weak and so few,'

وَقُتِّلُواْ تَقْتِيلاً

(and killed with a (terrible) slaughter.) Then Allah says:

سُنَّةَ اللَّهِ فِى الَّذِينَ خَلَوْاْ مِن قَبْلُ

(That was the way of Allah in the case of those who passed away of old,) meaning, this is how Allah dealt with the hypocrites when they persisted in hypocrisy and disbelief and did not give it up; He incited the believers against them and caused them to prevail over them.

وَلَن تَجِدَ لِسُنَّةِ اللَّهِ تَبْدِيلاً

(and you will not find any change in the way of Allah.) means, the way in which Allah deals with this does not alter or change.

يَسْـَلُكَ النَّاسُ عَنِ السَّاعَةِ قُلْ إِنَّمَا عِلْمُهَا عِندَ اللَّهِ وَمَا يُدْرِيكَ لَعَلَّ السَّاعَةَ تَكُونُ قَرِيباً - إِنَّ اللَّهَ لَعَنَ الْكَـفِرِينَ وَأَعَدَّ لَهُمْ سَعِيراً - خَـلِدِينَ فِيهَآ أَبَداً لاَّ يَجِدُونَ وَلِيّاً وَلاَ نَصِيراً - يَوْمَ تُقَلَّبُ وُجُوهُهُمْ فِى النَّارِ يَقُولُونَ يلَيْتَنَآ أَطَعْنَا اللَّهَ وَأَطَعْنَا الرَّسُولاَ - وَقَالُواْ رَبَّنَآ إِنَّآ أَطَعْنَا سَادَتَنَا وَكُبَرَآءَنَا فَأَضَلُّونَا السَّبِيلاْ - رَبَّنَآ ءَاتِهِمْ ضِعْفَيْنِ مِنَ الْعَذَابِ وَالْعَنْهُمْ لَعْناً كَبِيراً

O Prophet! Tell your wives and daughters and the women of the believers to draw their cloaks closely over themselves jalābīb is the plural of jilbāb which is a wrap that covers a woman totally — in other words let them pull part of it also over their faces leaving one eye visible when they need to leave the house for something. That makes it likelier that they will be known to be free women and not be molested by being approached. In contrast slavegirls did not use to cover their faces and so the disbelievers used to pester them. And God is Forgiving of any occasion in the past when they may have neglected to cover themselves Merciful to them in His veiling them.

Commentary

The previous verses have maintained that causing pain to any Muslim, man or woman, is forbidden and is a major sin, and in particular, inflicting pain on the Holy Prophet ﷺ is an act of infidelity, liable to Allah's curse. Now, there were two kinds of pain caused by the hypocrites to all Muslims and to the Holy Prophet ﷺ . Preventive measures against these have been provided in the verses cited above. As a corollary, stated there are a few additional injunctions in a certain congruity to be unfolded later on. One of these two kinds of pain caused was at the hands of vagabonds from among the general run of hypocrites who used to molest bondwomen from Muslim homes when they came out to take care of family chores. Then on occasions, they would mistreat free women under the impression that they were bondwomen because of which pain was caused to Muslims at large and to the Holy Prophet ﷺ .

On the other hand, the Shari’ ah of Islam has maintained a difference between free women and bondwomen in the matter of Hijab. The limits of Hijab prescribed for bondwomen are the limits observed by the free women before their mahrams (marriage with whom is forbidden), for example, as leaving the face open before their mahrams is permissible for free women, the same was permissible for bondwomen even when they went out of their homes, because their very job was to serve their masters, an occupation that took them out of the home repeatedly which made it difficult for them to keep their face and hands hidden. This is contrary to the case of free women who, even if they have to go out for some need, would be doing so rarely, an eventuality in which the observance of full Hijab should not be difficult. Therefore, the command given to free women was that the long sheet with which they cover themselves when going out should be pulled from over their head downwards before their face, so that it does not get exposed before male strangers. Two things were accomplished thereby. It made their own Hijab come out perfect while covering their faces served another purpose of distinguishing them from bondwomen, because of which they automatically became safe from being teased by wicked people. As for the arrangements made to keep bondwomen protected, the hypocrites were served with a warning to the effect that, should they fail to abstain from their low behavior, (the torment of the Hereafter aside) Allah Ta’ ala would have them punished at the hands of His Prophet ﷺ and Muslims in this world as well.

The words used in the command about the Hijab of free women in the verse under study (59) appear as follows: يُدْنِينَ عَلَيْهِنَّ مِن جَلَابِيبِهِنَّ in which the word: يُدْنِينَ (yudnina) has been derived from: اِذنَا (idna) which literally means to draw, pull or make come closer. The second word: عَلَيْهِنَّ (` alaihinn) means 'on' or 'over themselves' (hanging as a screen for the face). The third word: جَلَابِيبِ (jalabib) in: جِلبَاب (jalabibihinn) is the plural form of: جِلبَاب (jilbab) which is the name of a particular long sheet. Sayyidna Ibn Masud identified the form of this sheet as the one that is worn over the scarf (Ibn Kathir) and Sayyidna Ibn ` Abbas ` ؓ described its form in the words given below:

اَمَرَ اللہُ نِسَاَء المُؤمِنِینَ اِذَا خَرَجنِ مَن بُیُتِھِنَّ فِی حَاجَۃِ اَن یُّغَطِّینِ وُجُوھَھُنَّ مِن فَوقِ رُؤسِھِنَّ بالجَلَابِیبِ وَیُبدِینَ عَیناً وَاحِدَۃَ (ابن کثیر)

"Allah Ta’ ala commanded women of the believers that, when they go out of their homes to take care of some need, they hide their faces with the long sheet (hanging down) from over their heads leaving only one eye open (to see the way)." - (Ibn Kathir)

And Imam Muhammad Ibn Sirin says: 'When I asked ` Ubaidah Salmani ؓ about the meaning of this verse and the nature of Hijab, he demonstrated it by hiding his face with the long sheet pulled from the top of his head and left to hang in front of it - and thus, by keeping only his left eye open to see, he explained the words: idna': (bring close) and: jilbab (long sheet or shawl) practically .'

'To have the long sheet come from over the head and hand on, or in front of, the face' which appears in the statement of Sayyidna Ibn ` Abbas and ` Ubaidah Salmani is the explanation (Tafsir) of the Qur'anic word: عَلَيْهِنَّ (alaihinn: over them), that is, the sense of bringing the sheet close over them is to let the sheet come from over the head and hang on, or in front of, the face.

This verse commands the hiding of the face with ample clarity which comprehensively supports what has been stated under the commentary on the first verse of Hijab appearing earlier. There it was said that, though the face and the palms of the hands are not included under satr as such but, under the apprehension of fitnah, hiding these too is necessary. Only situations of compulsion stand exempted.

A necessary point of clarification

This verse instructs free women to observe Hijab in a particular manner, that is, they should hide their face by bringing the sheet from over the head to hang on, or in front of, the face so that they could be recognized as distinct from bondwomen in general, and thus could stay protected from the fitnah of wicked people. The statement referred to immediately earlier has already made it very clear that it never means that Islam has allowed some difference to exist between free women and bondwomen in the matter of providing protection to the chastity and honor, and has protected free women and left bondwomen (to fend for themselves). Instead, the truth of the matter is that this difference was made by these wicked and low people themselves, as they simply did not dare act high-handedly against free women, but chose to tease bondwomen. The Shari’ ah of Islam took a functional advantage from this difference put into practice by them by ordering the free women to distinguish themselves, so that the majority of women becomes automatically protected through their own standing conduct in this matter. As far as the matter of bondwomen is concerned, the protection of their chastity and honor is as much necessary in Islam as that of free women. But, it could not be carried out except by using the legal authority. So, the next verse spells out that those who violate the law will not be forgiven - in fact, as and where they are found, they will be caught and killed. This is what provided a security shield for the chastity and honor of bondwomen as well.

This submission makes it clear that the interpretation offered in this verse by ` Allamah Ibn Hazm and others - as different from the majority of scholars and in an effort to escape the doubt mentioned above - is something just no necessary. A doubt could have come up only when no arrangement was made for the protection of bondwomen.