33:21 Al-Ahzaab (The Clans)

{ لَقَدْ كَانَ لَكُمْ فِي رَسُولِ اللَّهِ أُسْوَةٌ حَسَنَةٌ } حيث حضر الهيجاء بنفسه الكريمة، وباشر موقف الحرب، وهو الشريف الكامل، والبطل الباسل، فكيف تشحون بأنفسكم، عن أمر جاد رسول اللّه صلى اللّه عليه وسلم، بنفسه فيه؟\"فَتأَسَّوْا به في هذا الأمر وغيره.واستدل الأصوليون في هذه الآية، على الاحتجاج بأفعال الرسول صلى اللّه عليه وسلم، وأن الأصل، أن أمته أسوته في الأحكام، إلا ما دل الدليل الشرعي على الاختصاص به.فالأسوة نوعان: أسوة حسنة، وأسوة سيئة.فالأسوة الحسنة، في الرسول صلى اللّه عليه وسلم، فإن المتأسِّي به، سالك الطريق الموصل إلى كرامة اللّه، وهو الصراط المستقيم.وأما الأسوة بغيره، إذا خالفه، فهو الأسوة السيئة، كقول الكفار حين دعتهم الرسل للتأسِّي ]بهم[ { إِنَّا وَجَدْنَا آبَاءَنَا عَلَى أُمَّةٍ وَإِنَّا عَلَى آثَارِهِمْ مُهْتَدُونَ } وهذه الأسوة الحسنة، إنما يسلكها ويوفق لها، من كان يرجو اللّه، واليوم الآخر، فإن ما معه من الإيمان، وخوف اللّه، ورجاء ثوابه، وخوف عقابه، يحثه على التأسي بالرسول صلى اللّه عليه وسلم.

هذه الآية الكريمة أصل كبير في التأسي برسول الله في أقواله وأفعاله وأحواله ولهذا أمر تبارك وتعالى الناس بالتأسي بالنبي صلى الله عليه وسلم يوم الأحزاب في صبره ومصابرته ومرابطته ومجاهدته وانتظاره الفرج من ربه عز وجل صلوات الله وسلامه عليه دائما إلى يوم الدين ولهذا قال تعالى للذين تقلقوا وتضجروا وتزلزلوا واضطربوا في أمرهم يوم الأحزاب "لقد كان لكم في رسول الله أسوة حسنة" أي هلا اقتديتم به وتأسيتم بشمائله صلى الله عليه وسلم ولهذا قال تعالى "لمن كان يرجوا الله واليوم الآخر وذكر الله كثيرا" ثم قال تعالى مخبرا عن عباده المؤمنين المصدقين بوعود الله لهم وجعله العاقبة حاصلة لهم في الدنيا والآخرة.

The Command to follow the Messenger ﷺ

This Ayah is an important principle, to follow the Messenger of Allah ﷺ in all his words, and deeds, etc. Hence Allah commanded the people to take the Prophet as an example on the day of Al-Ahzab, with regard to patience, guarding, striving and waiting for Allah to provide the way out; may the peace and blessings of Allah be upon him forever, until the Day of Judgement. Allah says to those who were anxious and impatient and were shaken by feelings of panic on the day of Al-Ahzab:

لَّقَدْ كَانَ لَكُمْ فِى رَسُولِ اللَّهِ أُسْوَةٌ حَسَنَةٌ

(Indeed in the Messenger of Allah you have a good example to follow) meaning, `why do you not take him as an example and follow his lead' Allah says:

لِّمَن كَانَ يَرْجُو اللَّهَ وَالْيَوْمَ الاٌّخِرَ وَذَكَرَ اللَّهَ كَثِيراً

(for him who hopes in Allah and the Last Day, and remembers Allah much.)

The Attitude of the Believers towards the Confederates

Then Allah tells us about His believing servants who believed Allah's promise to them and how He will make the consequences good for them in this world and in the Hereafter. He says:

وَلَمَّا رَأَى الْمُؤْمِنُونَ الاٌّحْزَابَ قَالُواْ هَـذَا مَا وَعَدَنَا اللَّهُ وَرَسُولُهُ وَصَدَقَ اللَّهُ وَرَسُولُهُ

(And when the believers saw the Confederates, they said: "This is what Allah and His Messenger had promised us; and Allah and His Messenger had spoken the truth.") Ibn `Abbas, may Allah be pleased with him, and Qatadah said: "They mean what Allah said in Surat Al-Baqarah:

أَمْ حَسِبْتُمْ أَن تَدْخُلُواْ الْجَنَّةَ وَلَمَّا يَأْتِكُم مَّثَلُ الَّذِينَ خَلَوْاْ مِن قَبْلِكُم مَّسَّتْهُمُ الْبَأْسَآءُ وَالضَّرَّآءُ وَزُلْزِلُواْ حَتَّى يَقُولَ الرَّسُولُ وَالَّذِينَ ءَامَنُواْ مَعَهُ مَتَى نَصْرُ اللَّهِ أَلاَ إِنَّ نَصْرَ اللَّهِ قَرِيبٌ

(Or think you that you will enter Paradise without such (trials) as came to those who passed away before you They were afflicted with severe poverty and ailments and were so shaken that even the Messenger and those who believed along with him said,"When (will come) the help of Allah" Yes! Certainly, the help of Allah is near!) (2:214) meaning, `this is the trial and test that Allah and His Messenger promised us would be followed by the help and victory of Allah that is near.' Allah says:

وَصَدَقَ اللَّهُ وَرَسُولُهُ

(and Allah and His Messenger had spoken the truth. )

وَمَا زَادَهُمْ إِلاَّ إِيمَانًا وَتَسْلِيماً

(And it only added to their faith and to their submissiveness.) This indicates that faith can increase and strengthen in accordance with people's circumstances, as the majority of scholars stated: faith can increase and decrease. We have stated this at the beginning of our commentary on Al-Bukhari, praise be to Allah.

وَمَا زَادَهُمْ

(And it only added) means, at that time of stress and difficulty

إِلاَّ إِيمَانًا

(to their faith) in Allah,

وَتَسْلِيماً

(and to their submissiveness.) means their submission to His commands and their obedience to His Messenger .

Verily there is for you a good example read iswa or uswa in the Messenger of God to emulate in combat and in holding one’s ground therein for whoever li-man substitutes for lakum ‘for you’ hopes for the encounter with God fears Him and the Last Day and remembers God often in contrast to those who do not.

The second state mentioned here is that of the hypocrites for they had started saying that the promises of Allah and His Rasul ﷺ were a web of deception: إِذْ يَقُولُ الْمُنَافِقُونَ وَالَّذِينَ فِي قُلُوبِهِم مَّرَ‌ضٌ مَّا وَعَدَنَا اللَّـهُ وَرَ‌سُولُهُ إِلَّا غُرُ‌ورً‌ا (And (remember) when the hypocrites and those having malady in their hearts were saying, "Allah and His messenger did not promise us but deceitfully; -12). This was an externalized demonstration of their inner disbelief. Onward from here, mention has been made of two groups of hypocrites who were practically a part of the Jihad effort along with Muslims, though outwardly only. One of the two groups started running without any permission saying: وَإِذْ قَالَت طَّائِفَةٌ مِّنْهُمْ يَا أَهْلَ يَثْرِ‌بَ لَا مُقَامَ لَكُمْ فَارْ‌جِعُوا (and when a group of them said, "0 people of Yathrib (Madinah), there is no place for you to stay; so go back. - 13" And the other group requested the permission of the Holy Prophet ﷺ to go back on the basis of false excuses. Their conduct has been mentioned as: وَيَسْتَأْذِنُ فَرِ‌يقٌ مِّنْهُمُ النَّبِيَّ يَقُولُونَ إِنَّ بُيُوتَنَا عَوْرَ‌ةٌ (And a group of them was seeking permission (to leave) from the prophet, saying, "In fact our homes are vulnerable," while they were not vulnerable - 13). Thus, the Qur'an exposed the hollowness of their excuses as a pack of lies. The truth of the matter was no more than that they intended to run from the battlefront:إِن يُرِ‌يدُونَ إِلَّا فِرَ‌ارً‌ا (They wanted nothing but to escape - 13). Taken up in the next several verses is their mischief-making and enmity with Muslims following which their sad end has been pointed out.

After that, the text mentions sincere believers and praises their firmness and fortitude. In the same connection, there comes a strong assertion of the need to obey and follow the Holy Prophet ﷺ almost in the form of a legal rule of conduct: لَّقَدْ كَانَ لَكُمْ فِي رَ‌سُولِ اللَّـهِ أُسْوَةٌ حَسَنَةٌ (There is indeed a good model for you in the Messenger of Allah - 21). From here it stands proved that all sayings and doings of the Holy Prophet ﷺ have to be followed. But, the Shari'ah authorities have explained the rule about the different degrees of following required from a Muslim. The rule is that any act or omission of the Holy Prophet ﷺ proved to have been done as an obligation would have to be obeyed and followed as wajib (obligatory, necessary). And any act or omission on his part that is proved to have been done as a preferable conduct (istihbab) and not as an obligatory one, should be followed by us too as a commendable (mustahab) conduct and not as a necessary obligation This, in other words, means that its contravention will not be declared to be a sin. (For a detailed discussion, see al-Jassas in Ahkam ul-Qur'an)

The last three (25-27) of the cited verses refer to the event relating to Banu Quraizah. In verse 26: وَأَنزَلَ الَّذِينَ ظَاهَرُ‌وهُم مِّنْ أَهْلِ الْكِتَابِ مِن صَيَاصِيهِمْ it was said that Allah Ta’ ala had, by putting the awe of the Holy Prophet ﷺ and his Muslim followers into the hearts of the people of the Book who had helped the Confederate forces, made them come down from their strong fortresses and had thus made Muslims the inheritors of their properties, homes and areas of concentration.

In the last verse (27), good news of future victories has been given. Gone is the time when disbelievers attacked. Now the cycle of Muslim victories will begin and they will come to be on lands their feet have not touched yet. And this prophecy unfolded itself during the tenure of the noble Sahabah and everyone witnessed the spectacle of great empires ruled by Cyrus and Caesar come under them. And Allah does what He wills.