27:16 An-Naml (The Ant)

أي: ورث علمه ونبوته فانضم علم أبيه إلى علمه، فلعله تعلم من أبيه ما عنده من العلم مع ما كان عليه من العلم وقت أبيه كما تقدم من قوله ففهمناها سليمان، وقال شكرا لله وتبجحا بإحسانه وتحدثا بنعمته: يَا أَيُّهَا النَّاسُ عُلِّمْنَا مَنْطِقَ الطَّيْرِ فكان عليه الصلاة [والسلام] يفقه ما تقول وتتكلم به كما راجع الهدهد وراجعه، وكما فهم قول النملة للنمل كما يأتي وهذا لم يكن لأحد غير سليمان عليه الصلاة والسلام. وَأُوتِينَا مِنْ كُلِّ شَيْءٍ أي: أعطانا الله من النعم ومن أسباب الملك ومن السلطنة والقهر ما لم يؤته أحدا من الآدميين، ولهذا دعا ربه فقال: وَهَبْ لِي مُلْكًا لا يَنْبَغِي لأَحَدٍ مِنْ بَعْدِي فسخر الله له الشياطين يعملون له كل ما شاء من الأعمال التي يعجز عنها غيرهم، وسخر له الريح غدوها شهر ورواحها شهر. إِنَّ هَذَا الذي أعطانا الله وفضلنا واختصنا به لَهُوَ الْفَضْلُ الْمُبِينُ الواضح الجلي فاعترف أكمل اعتراف بنعمة الله تعالى.

"وورث سليمان داود" أي في الملك والنبوة وليس المراد وراثة المال إذ لو كان كذلك لم يخص سليمان وحده من بين سائر أولاد داود فإنه قد كان لداود مائة امرأة ولكن المراد بذلك وراثة الملك والنبوة فإن الانبياء لا تورث أموالهم كما أخبر بذلك رسول الله صلى الله عليه وسلم في قوله "نحن معاشر الأنبياء لا نورث ما تركناه فهو صدقه" وقال "يا أيها الناس علمنا منطق الطير وأوتينا من كل شيء" أي أخبر سليمان بنعم الله عليه فيما وهبه له من الملك التام والتمكين العظيم حتى إنه سخر له الإنس والجن والطير وكان يعرف لغة الطير والحيوان أيضا وهذا شيء لم يعطه أحد من البشر فيما علمناه مما أخبر الله به ورسوله ومن زعم من الجهلة والرعاع أن الحيوانات كانت تنطق كنطق بني آدم قبل سليمان بن داود كما قد يتفوه به كثير من الناس فهو قول بلا علم ولو كان الأمر كذلك لم يكن لتخصيص سليمان بذلك فائدة إذ كلهم يسمع كلام الطيور والبهائم ويعرف ما تقول وليس الأمر كما زعموا ولا كما قالوا بل لم تزل البهائم والطيور وسائر المخلوقات من وقت خلقت إلى زماننا هذا على هذا الشكل والمنوال ولكن الله سبحانه كان قد أفهم سليمان ما يتخاطب به الطيور في الهواء وما تنطق به الحيوانات على اختلاف أصنافها ولهذا قال تعالى "علمنا منطق الطير وأوتينا من كل شيء" أي مما يحتاج إليه الملك "إن هذا لهو الفضل المبين" أي الظاهر البين لله علينا قال الإمام أحمد حدثنا قتيبة حدثنا يعقوب بن عبد الرحمن عن عمرو بن أبي عمرو عن المطلب عن أبي هريرة رضي الله عنه أن رسول الله صلى الله عليه وسلم قال: "كان داود عليه السلام فيه غيرة شديدة فكان إذا خرج أغلقت الأبواب فلم يدخل على أهله أحد حتى يرجع قال فخرج ذات يوم وأغلقت الأبواب فأقبلت امرأة تطلع إلى الدار فإذا رجل قائم وسط الدار فقالت لمن في البيت من أين دخل هذا الرجل والدار مغلقة؟ والله لنفتضحن بداود فجاء داود "فإذا الرجل قائم وسط الدار فقال له داود من أنت؟ فقال الذي لا يهاب الملوك ولا يمتنع من الحجاب فقال داود أنت إذا والله ملك الموت مرحبا بأمر الله فتزمل داود مكانه حتى قبضت نفسه حتى فرغ من شأنه وطلعت عليه الشمس فقال سليمان عليه السلام للطير أظلي داود فظللت عليه الطير حتى أظلمت عليه الأرض فقال لها سليمان اقبضي جناحا جناحا" قال أبو هريرة يا رسول الله كيف فعلت الطير؟ فقبض رسول الله صلى الله عليه وسلم يده وغلبت عليه يومئذ المضرحية قال أبو الفرج ابن الجوزي: المضرحية هي النسور الحمراء.

Dawud and Sulayman (peace be upon them), the organization of Sulayman's Troops and His passage through the Valley of the Ants

Here Allah tells us about the great blessings and favors which He bestowed upon two of His servants and Prophets, Dawud (David) and his son Sulayman (Solomon), peace be upon them both, and how they enjoyed happiness in this world and the Hereafter, power and authority in this world, and the position of being Prophets and Messengers. Allah says:

وَلَقَدْ ءَاتَيْنَا دَاوُودَ وَسُلَيْمَـنَ عِلْماً وَقَالاَ الْحَمْدُ لِلَّهِ الَّذِى فَضَّلَنَا عَلَى كَثِيرٍ مِّنْ عِبَادِهِ الْمُؤْمِنِينَ

(And indeed We gave knowledge to Dawud and Sulayman, and they both said: "All the praises and thanks be to Allah, Who has preferred us above many of His believing servants!")

وَوَرِثَ سُلَيْمَـنُ دَاوُودَ

(And Sulayman inherited from Dawud.) means, in kingship and prophethood. What is meant here is not wealth, because if that were the case, Sulayman would not have been singled out from among the sons of Dawud, as Dawud had one hundred wives. Rather what is meant is the inheritance of kingship and prophethood, for the wealth of the Prophets cannot be inherited, as the Messenger of Allah ﷺ said:

«نَحْنُ مَعَاشِرَ الْأَنْبِيَاءِ لَا نُورَثُ، مَا تَرَكْنَاهُ فَهُوَ صَدَقَة»

(We Prophets cannot be inherited from; whatever we leave behind is charity.) And Sulayman said:

يأَيُّهَا النَّاسُ عُلِّمْنَا مَنطِقَ الطَّيْرِ وَأُوتِينَا مِن كُلِّ شَىْءٍ

(O mankind! We have been taught the language of birds, and we have been given from everything.) Here Sulayman was speaking of the blessings that Allah bestowed upon him, by giving him complete authority and power, whereby mankind, the Jinn and the birds were subjugated to him. He also knew the language of the birds and animals, which is something that had never been given to any other human being -- as far as we know from what Allah and His Messenger told us. Allah enabled Sulayman to understand what the birds said to one another as they flew through the air, and what the different kinds of animals said. Sulayman said:

عُلِّمْنَا مَنطِقَ الطَّيْرِ وَأُوتِينَا مِن كُلِّ شَىْءٍ

(We have been taught the language of birds, and we have been given from everything.) i.e., all things that a king needs.

إِنَّ هَـذَا لَهُوَ الْفَضْلُ الْمُبِينُ

(This, verily, is an evident grace.) means, `this is clearly the blessings of Allah upon us.'

وَحُشِرَ لِسْلَيْمَـنَ جُنُودُهُ مِنَ الْجِنِّ وَالإِنْس وَالطَّيْرِ فَهُمْ يُوزَعُونَ

(And there were gathered before Sulayman his hosts of Jinn and men, and birds, and they all were set in battle order.) means, all of Sulayman's troops of Jinn, men and birds were gathered together, and he rode with them in a display of might and glory, with people marching behind him, followed by the Jinn, and the birds flying above his head. When it was hot, they would shade him with their wings.

فَهُمْ يُوزَعُونَ

(and they all were set in battle order.) The first and the last of them were brought together, so that none of them would step out of place. Mujahid said: "Officials were appointed to keep each group in order, and to keep the first and the last together so that no one would step out of line -- just as kings do nowadays."

حَتَّى إِذَآ أَتَوْا عَلَى وَادِى النَّمْلِ

(Till, when they came to the valley of the ants,) meaning, when Sulayman, the soldiers and the army with him crossed the valley of the ants,

قَالَتْ نَمْلَةٌ يأَيُّهَا النَّمْلُ ادْخُلُواْ مَسَـكِنَكُمْ لاَ يَحْطِمَنَّكُمْ سُلَيْمَـنُ وَجُنُودُهُ وَهُمْ لاَ يَشْعُرُونَ

(one of the ants said: "O ants! Enter your dwellings, lest Sulayman and his armies should crush you, while they perceive not.") Sulayman, peace be upon him, understood what the ant said,

فَتَبَسَّمَ ضَـحِكاً مِّن قَوْلِهَا وَقَالَ رَبِّ أَوْزِعْنِى أَنْ أَشْكُرَ نِعْمَتَكَ الَّتِى أَنْعَمْتَ عَلَىَّ وَعَلَى وَالِدَىَّ وَأَنْ أَعْمَلَ صَـلِحاً تَرْضَـهُ

(So he smiled, amused at her speech and said: "My Lord! Grant me the power and ability that I may be grateful for Your favors which You have bestowed on me and on my parents, and that I may do righteous good deeds that will please You, ) meaning: `inspire me to give thanks for the blessings that You have bestowed upon me by teaching me to understand what the birds and animals say, and the blessings that You have bestowed upon my parents by making them Muslims who believe in You.'

وَأَنْ أَعْمَلَ صَـلِحاً تَرْضَـهُ

(and that I may do righteous good deeds that will please You,) means, `deeds that You love which will earn Your pleasure.'

وَأَدْخِلْنِى بِرَحْمَتِكَ فِى عِبَادِكَ الصَّـلِحِينَ

(and admit me by Your mercy among Your righteous servants.) means, `when You cause me to die, then join me with the righteous among Your servants, and the Higher Companion among Your close friends.'

And Solomon inherited from David prophethood and knowledge exclusively from among all his other children; and he said ‘O people we have been taught the speech of the birds that is the ability to understand their sounds and we have been given of all things given to prophets and kings. Indeed this gift is the manifest the evident favour’.

There is no heritage of wealth among the prophets

وَوَرِ‌ثَ سُلَيْمَانُ دَاوُودَ (And Sulaiman inherited Dawud - 27:16). The inheritance mentioned in this verse is not the inheritance of wealth and property, because the Holy Prophet ﷺ has clearly declared that the prophets do neither inherit the property of anyone nor does their property is inherited by anyone. Tirmidhi and Abu Dawud have reported from Sayyidna Abu darda' ؓ that the Holy Prophet ﷺ has said, ` Ulama' (men of knowledge) are the inheritors of prophets, but the prophets did not leave dirhams or dinars (wealth) as their inheritance; instead, they have left knowledge as their heritage. Al-Kulaini, the famous Shiite scholar, has reported from Sayyidna Ja'far As-sadiq that he said, "Sayyidna Sulaiman علیہ السلام was the inheritor of Sayyidna Dawud (علیہ السلام) ، and the Holy Prophet ﷺ was the inheritor of Sayyidna Sulaiman (علیہ السلام) . (Ruh from al-Kulaini). This statement makes the issue very clear that the inheritance is used here in the sense of heritage of knowledge (because nobody can claim that the Holy Prophet ﷺ inherited the property of Sulaiman (علیہ السلام) . Rationally speaking also, here inheritance cannot mean wealth, because when Sayyidna Dawud (علیہ السلام) died he had 19 sons, hence if inheritance of wealth was meant to be distributed, then all these sons would have been entitled for the inheritance, and it cannot be exclusive to Sayyidna Sulaiman علیہ السلام alone. It is, therefore, quite clear that the inheritance meant here is the one in which the brothers were not included and only Sayyidna Sulaiman (علیہ السلام) was the inheritor. This could only be the inheritance of knowledge and prophethood. Along with that inheritance, Allah Ta’ ala also graced him with the empire of Sayyidna Dawud (علیہ السلام) and furthermore control over the Jinns, birds, animals and the wind. In the light of these proofs, the narration of Tabrasi is proved to be wrong in which he has regarded inheritance as that of wealth on authority of some Imams of Ah1-ul-Bait. (Ruh)

The period between the death of Sayyidna Sulaiman (علیہ السلام) and the birth of the last of the prophets the Holy Prophet ﷺ was seventeen hundred years, while Jews calculate this period as fourteen hundred years. The life span of Sayyidna Sulaiman (علیہ السلام) was a little over fifty years. (Qurtubi)

It is permissible to use plural form for one's own self, provided it is not out of arrogance

عُلِّمْنَا مَنطِقَ الطَّيْرِ‌ وَأُوتِينَا (27:16). Sayyidna Sulaiman (علیہ السلام) has used plural form for himself as a regal idiom, although he was alone. It was to impress his subjects, so that they do not indulge in indolence in the obedience of Allah Ta’ ala and in following him. Similarly, there is no harm if the rulers and officials also use plural form for themselves while they are in the company of their subjects, provided it is for the esteem of the office they are holding and not out of arrogance.

Birds and animals also have sense and intelligence

There is sense and intelligence to some degree in all animals and birds. However, it is not developed to such an extent that they were made to follow any injunctions of the Shari'ah. But the humans and jinns are bestowed with such perfected sense and intelligence that they are made the addressee and followers of the injunctions of Allah Ta’ ala. Imam Shafi` i (رح) has said that dove is the cleverest of all the birds, and Ibn ` Atiyyah has said that ant is very intelligent animal; its smelling power is very strong . If it gets hold of a grain it breaks it into two, so that it does not germinate, and thus it stock its food for the winters. (Qurtubi)

Special Note

The expression "speech of birds" is used in the verse because of the incident of the hoopoe which is a bird, otherwise Sayyidna Sulaiman (علیہ السلام) was taught languages of all the beasts, birds and the insects, as mentioned in the next verse about understanding the language of the ant. Imam Qurtubi has mentioned in his Tafsir different incidents in which Sayyidna Sulaiman (علیہ السلام) told the people how different birds chirped and what did they mean. The chirping of each bird was a word of advice.

وَأُوتِينَا مِن كُلِّ شَيْءٍ (and we have been given of everything -16). The word كُلِّ (every) applies to everything of a kind, but sometimes its application is not universal but pertains to a specific purpose. Here also it is used in that sense and "everything" refers to those things only which are needed by the government or an empire. Otherwise it is obvious that they did not have aeroplanes, motor cars or railways in those days.

رَ‌بِّ أَوْزِعْنِي (My Lord, enable me - 27:19). It is derived from ) وَزع (waz' ), which lexically means to stop or restrain. Here it means ` enable me with Divine help so that I should have the trait of gratitude with me all the time and do not part with it ever', which will result in restraint. In the earlier verse فَهُمْ يُوزَعُونَ (27:17) (translated as "kept under control" it was also used in the same sense, that in order to save them from confusion because of their large number the armies were restrained.