23:18 Al-Muminoon (The Believers)

{ وَأَنْزَلْنَا مِنَ السَّمَاءِ مَاءً } يكون رزقا لكم ولأنعامكم بقدر ما يكفيكم، فلا ينقصه، بحيث لا يكفي الأرض والأشجار، فلا يحصل منه المقصود، ولا يزيده زيادة لا تحتمل، بحيث يتلف المساكن، ولا تعيش معه النباتات والأشجار، بل أنزله وقت الحاجة لنزوله ثم صرفه عند التضرر من دوامه، { فَأَسْكَنَّاهُ فِي الْأَرْضِ } أي: أنزلناه عليها، فسكن واستقر، وأخرج بقدرة منزله، جميع الأزواج النباتية، وأسكنه أيضا معدا في خزائن الأرض، بحيث لم يذهب نازلا، حتى لا يوصل إليه، ولا يبلغ قعره، { وَإِنَّا عَلَى ذَهَابٍ بِهِ لَقَادِرُونَ } إما بأن لا ننزله، أو ننزله، فيذهب نازلا لا يوصل إليه، أو لا يوجد منه المقصود منه، وهذا تنبيه منه لعباده أن يشكروه على نعمته، ويقدروا عدمها، ماذا يحصل به من الضرر، كقوله تعالى: { قُلْ أَرَأَيْتُمْ إِنْ أَصْبَحَ مَاؤُكُمْ غَوْرًا فَمَنْ يَأْتِيكُمْ بِمَاءٍ مَعِينٍ }

يذكر تعالى نعمه على عبيده التي لا تعد ولا تحصى في إنزاله القطر من السماء بقدر أي بحسب الحاجة لا كثيراً فيفسد الأرض والعمران ولا قليلا فلا يكفي الزروع والثمار بل بقدر الحاجة إليه من السقي والشرب والانتفاع به حتى إن الأراضي التي تحتاج ماء كثيرا لزرعها ولا تحتمل دمنتها إنزال المطر عليها يسوق إليها الماء من بلاد أخرى كما في أرض مصر ويقال لها الأرض الجرز يسوق الله إليها ماء النيل معه طين أحمر يجترفه من بلاد الحبشة في زمان أمطارها فيأتي الماء يحمل طينا أحمر فيسقي أرض مصر ويقر الطين على أرضهم ليزرعوا فيه لأن أرضهم سباخ يغلب عليها الرمال فسبحان اللطيف الخبير الرحيم الغفور وقوله " فأسكناه في الأرض " أي جعلنا الماء إذا نزل من السحاب يخلد في الأرض وجعلنا في الأرض قابلية له وتشربه ويتغذى به ما فيها من الحب والنوى. وقوله " وإنا على ذهاب به لقادرون " أي لو شئنا أن لا تمطر لفعلنا ولو شئنا أذى لصرفناه عنكم إلى السباخ والبراري والقفار لفعلنا ولو شئنا لجعلناه أجاجا لا ينتفع به لشرب ولا لسقي لفعلنا ولو شئنا لجعلناه لا ينزل في الأرض بل ينجر على وجهها لفعلنا ولو شئنا لجعلناه إذا نزل فيها يغور إلى مدى لا تصلون إليه ولا ينتفعون به لفعلنا ولكن بلطفه ورحمته ينزل عليكم الماء من السحاب عذبا فراتا زلالا فيسكنه في الأرض ويسلكه ينابيع في الأرض فيفتح العيون والأنهار ويسقي به الزروع والثمار تشربون منه ودوابكم وأنعامكم وتغتسلون منه وتتطهرون منه وتتنظفون فله الحمد والمنة.

Allah's Signs and Blessings in the Rain, Vegetation, Trees and Cattle

Allah mentions His innumerable blessings to His servants, whereby He sends down rain in due measure, meaning, according to what is needed, not so much that it damages the lands and buildings, and not so little to be insufficient for crops and fruits, but whatever is needed for irrigation, drinking and other benefits. If there is a land that needs a lot of water for its irrigation but its fertile soil would be carried away if rain fell on it, then Allah sends water to it from another land, as in the case of Egypt, which is said to be a barren land. Allah sends the water of the Nile to it, which brings red soil from Ethiopia when it rains there. The water brings the red soil which is used to irrigate the land of Egypt, and whatever of it is deposited is used for agriculture, because the land of Egypt is infertile, and most of it is sand. Glory be to the Subtle One, the All-Knowing, the Most Merciful, the Forgiving.

فَأَسْكَنَّاهُ فِى الاٌّرْضِ

(and We gave it lodging in the earth,) means, `when the water comes down from the clouds, We cause it to settle in the earth, and We cause the earth to absorb it and the seeds etc. in the earth to be nourished by it.'

وَإِنَّا عَلَى ذَهَابٍ بِهِ لَقَـدِرُونَ

(and verily, We are able to take it away.) means, `if We wanted to cause it not to rain, We could do so; if We wanted to divert it towards the wilderness and wastelands, We could do so; if We wanted to make it salty so that you could not benefit from it for drinking or irrigation, We could do so; if We wanted to cause it not to be absorbed by the earth, but to remain on the surface, We could do so; if We wanted to make it go deep underground where you would not be able to reach it and you could not benefit from it, We could do so.' But by His grace and mercy, He causes sweet, fresh water to fall on you from the clouds, then it settles in the earth and forms springs and rivers, and you use it to irrigate your crops and fruits, and you drink it and give it to your livestock and cattle, and you bathe and purify yourselves with it. To Him is due the praise and thanks.

فَأَنشَأْنَا لَكُمْ بِهِ جَنَّـتٍ مِّن نَّخِيلٍ وَأَعْنَـبٍ

(Then We brought forth for you therewith gardens of date palms and grapes,) means, `from that which We send down from the sky, We bring forth for you gardens and orchards which look beautiful.'

مِّن نَّخِيلٍ وَأَعْنَابٍ

(of date palms and grapes,) These were the kinds of gardens that were known to the people of the Hijaz, but there is no difference between a thing and its counterpart. The people of each region have fruits which are the blessing of Allah given to them, and for which they cannot properly thank Allah enough.

لَّكُمْ فِيهَا فَوَكِهُ كَثِيرَةٌ

(wherein is much fruit for you,) means, of all fruits. As Allah says elsewhere:

يُنبِتُ لَكُمْ بِهِ الزَّرْعَ وَالزَّيْتُونَ وَالنَّخِيلَ وَالأَعْنَـبَ وَمِن كُلِّ الثَّمَرَتِ

(With it the rain He causes to grow for you the crops, the olives, the date palms, the grapes, and every kind of fruit) 16:11.

وَمِنْهَا تَأْكُلُونَ

(and whereof you eat.) This implies that you look at its beauty, wait for it to ripen, then eat from it.

وَشَجَرَةً تَخْرُجُ مِن طُورِ سَيْنَآءَ

(And a tree that springs forth from Tur Sinai,) means the olive tree. Tur means a mountain. Some of the scholars said, "It is called Tur if there are trees on it, and if it is bare it is called Jabal, not Tur. And Allah knows best. Mount Sinai is the same as Tur Sinin, and it is the mountain on which Allah spoke to Musa bin `Imran, peace be upon him, and in the surrounding mountains there are olive trees.

تَنبُتُ بِالدُّهْنِ

(that grows oil,) Some scholars think it linguistically means that it brings forth oil. Others say it linguistically means "comes forth with oil." Allah said,

وَصِبْغٍ

(and relish) meaning a condiment. according to Qatadah.

لِّلأَكِلِيِنَ

(for the eaters. ) means, it contains a beneficial oil and condiment. `Abd bin Humayd recorded in his Musnad and Tafsir from `Umar that the Messenger of Allah ﷺ said:

«ائْتَدِمُوا بِالزَّيْتِ وَادَّهِنُوا بِهِ فَإِنَّهُ يَخْرُجُ مِنْ شَجَرَةٍ مُبَارَكَة»

(Eat (olive) oil as a condiment and apply it as oil, for it comes from a blessed tree.) It was recorded by At-Tirmidhi and Ibn Majah. Allah's saying;

وَإِنَّ لَكُمْ فِى الاٌّنْعَـمِ لَعِبْرَةً نُّسْقِيكُمْ مِّمَّا فِى بُطُونِهَا وَلَكُمْ فيِهَا مَنَـفِعُ كَثِيرَةٌ وَمِنْهَا تَأْكُلُونَ - وَعَلَيْهَا وَعَلَى الْفُلْكِ تُحْمَلُونَ

(And verily, in the cattle there is indeed a lesson for you. We give you to drink of that which is in their bellies. And there are, in them, numerous benefits for you, and of them you eat. And on them and on ships you are carried), Here Allah mentions the benefits He has given to His servants in cattle, for they drink their milk which comes out from between dung and blood, they eat their meat and clothe themselves with their wool and hair, they ride on their backs and carry heavy burdens on them to far away lands, as Allah says:

وَتَحْمِلُ أَثْقَالَكُمْ إِلَى بَلَدٍ لَّمْ تَكُونُواْ بَـلِغِيهِ إِلاَّ بِشِقِّ الأَنفُسِ إِنَّ رَبَّكُمْ لَرَؤُوفٌ رَّحِيمٌ

(And they carry your loads to a land that you could not reach except with great trouble to yourselves. Truly, your Lord is full of kindness, Most Merciful.) 16:7

أَوَلَمْ يَرَوْاْ أَنَّا خَلَقْنَا لَهُم مِمَّا عَمِلَتْ أَيْدِينَآ أَنْعـماً فَهُمْ لَهَا مَـلِكُونَ - وَذَلَّلْنَـهَا لَهُمْ فَمِنْهَا رَكُوبُهُمْ وَمِنْهَا يَأْكُلُونَ - وَلَهُمْ فِيهَا مَنَـفِعُ وَمَشَـرِبُ أَفَلاَ يَشْكُرُونَ

(Do they not see that We have created for them of what Our Hands have created, the cattle, so that they are their owners. And We have subdued them unto them so that some of them they have for riding and some they eat. And in them there are benefits for them, and drink. Will they not then be grateful) 36:71-73

And We sent down water out of the heaven in measure that suffices them and We lodged it within the earth; and We are indeed able to take it away so that they die of thirst together with their livestock.

The addition of the phrase بقدر (In due measure) shows how feeble and utterly powerless man is, because if the very things without which no life can exist exceed a certain limit, they become the cause of death and destruction. Water is a case in point without which no living thing - man or beast - can survive. Torrential rains coming down from the sky cause a deluge which becomes a source of misery for human beings. But Allah is kind and merciful and He sends rains which, while fulfilling man's needs, do not turn into flood except at those places where it is His will that they should be engulfed in water. Another point to consider is that if man was to obtain his daily requirement of water through daily rainfall, that too would cause extreme discomfort and suffering, because he is not by nature adapted to live in an environment where rain falls every day. Moreover the conduct of business would become impossible in such conditions. On the other hand, if the total quantity of water that men would need for a whole year, or for six months or even for three months were to come down in a single downpour and people are told to store their quota of water and use it according to their daily needs, that would be an impossible task because, apart from lack of adequate storage capacity, the water would become foul and unfit for consumption. Therefore Allah has regulated the supply of water in such a way that when rains come, the water saturates the earth and the plants and then it flows into lakes, ponds and natural depressions where it is used by men and animals according to their needs. But the water stored in this manner can only last for a limited time and men of different regions need a continuous supply of fresh water. To meet this eventuality Allah has designed a system by which very large quantities of water are converted into oceans of ice and snow and placed on top of mountains where the atmosphere' is pure and free from pollution. Slowly and gradually the snow melts and the water seeps through the pores in the mountains and flows into the network of underground water channels which carry it to all parts as springs and flow on the surface of the earth as streams, water courses and rivers. This fresh running water provides drinking water to men and animals and irrigates fields which yield food and fodder for all living things. Another part of the water percolates deep into the ground and becomes sub-soil water and is drawn up from wells. This entire design and process is covered in the Qur'an by a simple and short sentence فَأَسْكَنَّاهُ فِي الْأَرْ‌ضِ (23:18). A point is also made at the end of the verse that the sub-soil water which is drawn from wells has been placed by merciful Allah at a depth from where it can be drawn easily because by its nature, water flows downwards and could have gone down to a depth from where it would have been impossible to draw it out. This is explained by the sentence وَإِنَّا عَلَىٰ ذَهَابٍ بِهِ لَقَادِرُ‌ونَ and, of course, We are able to take it away. (23:18).

And We sent down from heaven water in a measure and settled it in the earth, and surely We are powerful over taking it away. He places a favor on the servants: “With perfect power We sent down from heaven the rain of mercy at the time of spring and the pollination of trees so that the dead earth will thereby come to life.” He gave forth hundreds of thousands of wonders and deposits that were made ready therein, namely the various sorts of plants, fruits, and herbs, as He says: