2:98 Al-Baqara (The Cow)

تفسير الآيتين 97 و98 :ـ أي: قل لهؤلاء اليهود, الذين زعموا أن الذي منعهم من الإيمان بك, أن وليك جبريل عليه السلام, ولو كان غيره من ملائكة الله, لآمنوا بك وصدقوا، إن هذا الزعم منكم تناقض وتهافت, وتكبر على الله، فإن جبريل عليه السلام هو الذي نزل بالقرآن من عند الله على قلبك, وهو الذي ينزل على الأنبياء قبلك, والله هو الذي أمره, وأرسله بذلك, فهو رسول محض. مع أن هذا الكتاب الذي نزل به جبريل مصدقا لما تقدمه من الكتب غير مخالف لها ولا مناقض, وفيه الهداية التامة من أنواع الضلالات, والبشارة بالخير الدنيوي والأخروي, لمن آمن به، فالعداوة لجبريل الموصوف بذلك, كفر بالله وآياته, وعداوة لله ولرسله وملائكته، فإن عداوتهم لجبريل, لا لذاته بل لما ينزل به من عند الله من الحق على رسل الله. فيتضمن الكفر والعداوة للذي أنزله وأرسله, والذي أرسل به, والذي أرسل إليه, فهذا وجه ذلك.

وأما تفسير الآية فقوله تعالى "قل من كان عدوا لجبريل" فإنه نزله على قلبك بإذن الله أي من عادى جبرائيل فليعلم أنه الروح الأمين الذي نزل بالذكر الحكيم على قلبك من الله بإذنه له في ذلك فهو رسول من رسل الله ملكي ومن عادى رسولا فقد عادى جميع الرسل كما أن من آمن برسول فإنه يلزمه الإيمان بجميع الرسل وكما أن من كفر برسول فإنه يلزمه الكفر بجميع الرسل كما قال تعالى "إن الذين يكفرون بالله ورسله ويريدون أن يفرقوا بين الله ورسله ويقولون نؤمن ببعض ونكفر ببعض" الآيتين فحكم عليهم بالكفر المحقق إذا آمنوا ببعض الرسل وكفروا ببعضهم وكذلك من عادى جبرائيل فإنه عدو لله لأن جبرائيل لا ينزل بالأمر من تلقاء نفسه وإنما ينزل بأمر ربه كما قال "وما نتنزل إلا بأمر ربك" الآية وقال تعالى "وإنه لتنزيل رب العالمين نزل به الروح الأمين على قلبك لتكون من المنذرين" وقد روى البخاري في صحيحه عن أبي هريرة قال: قال رسول الله - صلى الله عليه وسلم - "من عاد لي وليا فقد بارزني بالحرب" ولهذا غضب الله لجبرائيل على من عاداه فقال تعالى "من كان عدوا لجبريل فإنه نزله على قلبك بإذن الله مصدقا لما بين يديه" أي من الكتب المتقدمة "وهدى وبشرى للمؤمنين" أي هدى لقلوبهم وبشرى لهم بالجنة وليس ذلك إلا للمؤمنين كما قال تعالى "قل هو للذين آمنوا هدى وشفاء" الآية وقال تعالى "وننزل من القرآن ما هو شفاء ورحمة للمؤمنين" الآية ثم قال تعالى "من كان عدوا لله وملائكته ورسله وجبريل وميكال فإن الله عدو للكافرين" يقول تعالى من عاداني وملائكتي ورسلي - ورسله تشمل رسله من الملائكة كما قال تعالى "الله يصطفي من الملائكة رسلا ومن الناس" - وجبريل وميكال وهذا من باب عطف الخاص على العام فإنهما دخلا في الملائكة في عموم الرسل ثم خصصا بالذكر لأن السياق في الانتصار لجبرائيل وهو السفير بين الله وأنبيائه وقرن معه مكائيل في اللفظ لأن اليهود زعموا أن جبريل عدوهم وميكائيل وليهم فأعلمهم الله تعالى أن من عادى واحدا منهما فقد عادى الآخر وعادى الله أيضا ولأنه أيضا ينزل على أنبياء الله بعض الأحيان كما قرن رسول الله - صلى الله عليه وسلم - في ابتداء الأمر ولكن جبرائيل أكثر وهي وظيفته وميكائيل موكل بالنبات والقطر هذاك بالهدى وهذا بالرزق كما أن إسرافيل موكل بالنفخ في الصور للبعث يوم القيامة ولهذا جاء في الصحيح أن رسول الله - صلى الله عليه وسلم - كان إذا قام من الليل يقول " اللهم رب جبرائيل وميكائيل وإسرافيل فاطر السموات والأرض عالم الغيب والشهادة أنت تحكم بين عبادك فيما كانوا فيه يختلفون اهدني لما اختلف فيه من الحق بإذنك إنك تهدي من تشاء إلى صراط مستقيم" وقد تقدم ما حكاه البخاري ورواه ابن جرير عن عكرمة وغيره أنه قال جبر وميك وإسراف: عبيد وإيل: الله وقال ابن أبي حاتم: حدثنا أحمد بن سنان حدثنا عبدالرحمن بن مهدي عن سفيان عن الأعمش عن إسماعيل بن أبي رجاء عن عمير مولى ابن عباس عن ابن عباس قال: إنما كان قوله جبرائيل كقوله عبدالله وعبدالرحمن وقيل جبر عبد وإيل الله. وقال محمد بن إسحق عن الزهري عن علي بن الحسين قال: أتدرون ما اسم جبرائيل من أسمائكم؟ قلنا لا قال: اسمه عبدالله وكل اسم مرجعه إلى إيل فهو إلى الله عز وجل قال ابن أبي حاتم: وروي عن عكرمة ومجاهد والضحاك ويحيى بن يعمر نحو ذلك ثم قال: حدثنا أبي حدثنا أحمد بن أبي الحواري حدثني عبدالعزيز بن عمير قال: اسم جبرائيل في الملائكة خادم الله قال: فحدثت به أبا سليمان الداراني فانتفض وقال: لهذا الحديث أحب إلي من كل شيء في دفتر كان بين يديه. وفي جبرائيل وميكائيل لغات وقراءات تذكر في كتب اللغة والقراءات ولم نطول كتابنا هذا بسرد ذلك إلا أن يدور فهم المعنى عليه أو يرجع الحكم في ذلك إليه وبالله الثقة وهو المستعان وقوله تعالى "فإن الله عدو للكافرين" فيه إيقاع المظهر مكان المضمر حيث لم يقل فإنه عدو بل قال: "فإن الله عدو للكافرين" كما قال الشاعر: لا أرى الموت يسبق الموت شيء سبق الموت ذا الغني والفقيرا وقال الآخر: ليت الغراب غداة ينعب دائبا كان الغراب مقطع الأوداج وإنما أظهر الله هذا الاسم ههنا لتقرير هذا المعنى وإظهاره وإعلامهم أن من عادى وليا لله فقد عادى الله ومن عادى الله فإن الله عدو له ومن كان الله عدوه فقد خسر الدنيا والآخرة كما تقدم الحديث "من عادى لي وليا فقد آذنته بالمحاربة" وفى الحديث الآخر "إني لأثأر لأوليائي كما يثأر الليث الحرب" وفي الحديث الصحيح "من كنت خصمه خصمته".

The Jews are the Enemies of Jibril

Imam Abu Ja`far bin Jarir At-Tabari said, "The scholars of Tafsir agree that this Ayah (2: 97-98) was revealed in response to the Jews who claimed that Jibril (Gabriel) is an enemy of the Jews and that Mika'il (Michael) is their friend." Al-Bukhari said, "Allah said,

مَن كَانَ عَدُوًّا لِّجِبْرِيلَ

(Whoever is an enemy of Jibril (let him die in his fury)). `Ikrimah said, "Jibr, Mik and Israf all mean, worshipper, while il means, Allah". Anas bin Malik said, "When `Abdullah bin Salam heard of the arrival of the Prophet in Al-Madinah, he was working on his land. He came to the Prophet and said, `I am going to ask you about three things which nobody knows except a Prophet. What will be the first portent of the Hour What will be the first meal taken by the people of Paradise Why does a child resemble its father, and why does it resemble its maternal uncle' Allah's Messenger ﷺ said, (Jibril has just told me the answers.) `Abdullah said, `He (i.e. Jibril), among all the angels, is the enemy of the Jews.' Allah's Messenger ﷺ recited the Ayah,

مَن كَانَ عَدُوًّا لِّجِبْرِيلَ فَإِنَّهُ نَزَّلَهُ عَلَى قَلْبِكَ

(Whoever is an enemy to Jibril (Gabriel) (let him die in his fury), for indeed he has brought it (this Qur'an) down to your heart). Allah's Messenger ﷺ then said, (The first portent of the Hour will be a fire that will bring together the people from the east to the west; the first meal of the people of Paradise will be the caudate lobe of the liver of fish. As for the child resembling his parents: If a man has sexual intercourse with his wife and his discharge is first, the child will resemble the father. If the woman has a discharge first, the child will resemble her side of the family.) On that `Abdullah bin Salam said, `I testify that there is no deity worthy of worship except Allah and you are the Messenger of Allah ﷺ.' `Abdullah bin Salam further said, `O Allah's Messengerﷺ! The Jews are liars, and if they should come to know about my conversion to Islam before you ask them (about me), they will tell a lie about me.' The Jews came to Allah's Messenger ﷺ , and `Abdullah went inside the house. Allah's Messenger ﷺ asked (the Jews), (`What kind of man is `Abdullah bin Salam') They replied, `He is the best among us, the son of the best among us, our master and the son of our master.' Allah's Messenger ﷺ said, (What do you think if he would embrace Islam) The Jews said, `May Allah save him from it.' Then `Abdullah bin Salam came out in front of them saying, `I testify that none has the right to be worshipped but Allah and that Muhammad ﷺ is the Messenger of Allah.' Thereupon they said, `He is the evilest among us, and the son of the evilest among us.' And they continued talking badly about him. Ibn Salam said, `This is what I feared, O Messenger of Allah ﷺ !."' Only Al-Bukhari recorded this Hadith with this chain of narration. Al-Bukhari and Muslim recorded this Hadith from Anas using another chain of narration.

Some people say that `il' means worshipper while whatever word that is added to it becomes Allah's Name, because `il' is a constant in such conjunction. This is similar to the names `Abdullah, `Abdur-Rahman, `Abdul-Malik, `Abdul-Quddus, `Abdus-Salam, `Abdul-Kafi, `Abdul-Jalil, and so forth. Hence, `Abd' is constant in these compound names, while the remainder differs from name to name. This is the same case with Jibril, Mika'il, `Azra'il, Israfil, and so forth. Allah knows best.

Choosing Some Angels to believe in over Others is Disbelief like choosing Some Prophets over Others

Allah said,

مَن كَانَ عَدُوًّا لِّجِبْرِيلَ فَإِنَّهُ نَزَّلَهُ عَلَى قَلْبِكَ بِإِذْنِ اللَّهِ

(Whoever is an enemy to Jibril (Gabriel) (let him die in his fury), for indeed he has brought it (this Qur'an) down to your heart by Allah's permission,) meaning, whoever becomes an enemy of Jibril, let him know that he is Ruh Al-Qudus who brought down the Glorious Dhikr (Qur'an) to your heart from Allah by His leave. Hence, he is a messenger from Allah. Whoever takes a messenger as an enemy, will have taken all the messengers as enemies. Further, whoever believes in one messenger, is required to believe in all of the messengers. Whoever rejects one messenger, he has rejected all of the messengers. Similarly, Allah said,

إِنَّ الَّذِينَ يَكْفُرُونَ بِاللَّهِ وَرُسُلِهِ وَيُرِيدُونَ أَن يُفَرِّقُواْ بَيْنَ اللَّهِ وَرُسُلِهِ وَيقُولُونَ نُؤْمِنُ بِبَعْضٍ وَنَكْفُرُ بِبَعْضٍ

(Verily, those who disbelieve in Allah and His Messengers and wish to make distinction between Allah and His Messengers (by believing in Allah and disbelieving in His Messengers) saying, "We believe in some but reject others.") (4:150)

Allah decreed that they are disbelievers, because they believe in some Prophets and reject others. This is the same with those who take Jibril as an enemy, because Jibril did not choose missions on his own, but by the command of his Lord,

وَمَا نَتَنَزَّلُ إِلاَّ بِأَمْرِ رَبِّكَ

(And we (angels) descend not except by the command of your Lord) (19: 64), and,

وَإِنَّهُ لَتَنزِيلُ رَبِّ الْعَـلَمِينَ - نَزَلَ بِهِ الرُّوحُ الاٌّمِينُ - عَلَى قَلْبِكَ لِتَكُونَ مِنَ الْمُنْذِرِينَ

(And truly, this (the Qur'an) is a revelation from the Lord of all that exists. Which the trustworthy Ruh (Jibril) has brought down. Upon your heart (O Muhammad ) that you may be (one) of the warners) (26:192-194).

Al-Bukhari reported that Abu Hurayrah said that the Messenger of Allah ﷺ said,

«مَنْ عَادَى لِي وَلِيًّا فَقَدْ بَارَزَنِي بِالْحَرْب»

(Allah said, `Whoever takes a friend of Mine as an enemy, will have started a war with Me.)

Therefore, Allah became angry with those who took Jibril as an enemy. Allah said,

مَن كَانَ عَدُوًّا لِّجِبْرِيلَ فَإِنَّهُ نَزَّلَهُ عَلَى قَلْبِكَ بِإِذْنِ اللَّهِ مُصَدِّقًا لِّمَا بَيْنَ يَدَيْهِ

(Whoever is an enemy to Jibril (Gabriel) (let him die in his fury), for indeed he has brought it (this Qur'an) down to your heart by Allah's permission, confirming what came before it) meaning, the previous Books,

وَهُدًى وَبُشْرَى لِلْمُؤْمِنِينَ

(and guidance and glad tidings for the believers) meaning, as guidance to their hearts and bringer of the good news of Paradise, which is exclusively for the believers. Similarly, Allah said,

قُلْ هُوَ لِلَّذِينَ ءَامَنُواْ هُدًى وَشِفَآءٌ

(Say: "It is for those who believe, a guide and a healing.") (41:44), and,

وَنُنَزِّلُ مِنَ الْقُرْءَانِ مَا هُوَ شِفَآءٌ وَرَحْمَةٌ لِّلْمُؤْمِنِينَ

(And We send down of the Qur'an that which is a healing and a mercy to those who believe) (17:82).

Allah then said,

مَن كَانَ عَدُوًّا لّلَّهِ وَمَلـئِكَتِهِ وَرُسُلِهِ وَجِبْرِيلَ وَمِيكَـلَ فَإِنَّ اللَّهَ عَدُوٌّ لِّلْكَـفِرِينَ

(Whoever is an enemy to Allah, His Angels, His Messengers, Jibril and Mika'il (Michael), then verily, Allah is an enemy to the disbelievers.)

Allah stated that whoever takes Him, His angels and messengers as enemies, then...Allah's messengers ﷺ include angels and men, for Allah said,

اللَّهُ يَصْطَفِى مِنَ الْمَلَـئِكَةِ رُسُلاً وَمِنَ النَّاسِ

(Allah chooses Messengers from angels and from men) (22:75). Allah said,

وَجِبْرِيلَ وَمِيكَـلَ

(Jibril (Gabriel) and Mika'il (Michael)). Allah mentioned Jibril and Mika'il specifically - although they are included among the angels who were messengers - only because this Ayah was meant to support Jibril the emissary between Allah and His Prophets. Allah also mentioned Mika'il here, because the Jews claimed that Jibril was their enemy and Mika'il was their friend. Allah informed them that whoever is an enemy of either of them, then he is also an enemy of the other as well as Allah. We should state here that Mika'il sometimes descended to some of Allah's Prophets, although to a lesser extent than Jibril, because this was primarily Jibril's task, and Israfil is entrusted with the job of blowing the Trumpet for the commencement of Resurrection on the Day of Judgment. It is recorded in the Sahih that whenever the Messenger of Allah ﷺ would wake up at night, he would supplicate,

«اللَّهُمَّ رَبَّ جِبْرَائِيلَ وَمِيكَائِيلَ وَإِسْرَافِيلَ فَاطِرَ السَّمَوَاتِ وَالْأَرْضِ عَالِمَ الْغَيْبِ وَالشَّهَادَةِ، أَنْتَ تَحْكُمُ بَيْنَ عِبَادِكَ فِيمَا كَانُوا فِيهِ يَخْتَلِفُونَ، اهْدِنِي لِمَا اخْتُلِفَ فِيهِ مِنَ الْحَقِّ بِإِذْنِكَ إِنَّكَ تَهْدِي مَنْ تَشَاءُ إِلى صِرَاطٍ مُسْتَقِيم»

(O Allah, Lord of Jibril, Mika'il and Israfil, Creator of the heavens and earth and Knower of the seen and the unseen! You judge between Your servants regarding what they differ in, so direct me to the truth which they differ on, by Your leave. Verily, You guide whom You will to the straight path.)

Allah's statement,

فَإِنَّ اللَّهَ عَدُوٌّ لِّلْكَـفِرِينَ

(then verily, Allah is an enemy to the disbelievers) informed the disbelievers that whoever takes a friend of Allah as an enemy, then he has taken Allah as an enemy, and whoever treats Allah as an enemy, then he shall be Allah's enemy. Indeed, whoever is an enemy of Allah then he will lose in this life and the Hereafter, as stated earlier;

«مَنْ عَادَى لِي وَلِيًّا فَقَدْ آذَنْتُهُ بِالْمُحَارَبَة»

(Whoever takes a friend of Mine as an enemy, I shall wage war on him.)

Whoever is an enemy to God and His angels and His messengers and Gabriel read Jibrīl or Jabrīl Jibra’il or Jabra’il Jibra’īl or Jabra’īl and Michael Mīkāl also read Mīkā’īl or Mīkā’il; a supplement to malā’ikatihi ‘His angels’ an example of the specific being supplemented to the collective — then surely God is an enemy to the disbelievers’ He says ‘to the disbelievers’ instead of ‘to them’ in order to point out their status.

The perversity of the Jews was very fertile, and gave them ever-new excuses for denying the Holy Prophet ﷺ . When they learnt that it was Archangel Jibra'il (علیہ السلام) (Gabriel ) who brought the Glorious Qur'an to the Holy Prophet ﷺ ، they said that the Archangel (علیہ السلام) was their enemy, as it was through him that rigorous commandments or catastrophic punishments had always descended on them,. and that for this reason they would not accept a Book which had been revealed through his agency. They also added that they could have accepted the Holy Qur'an, if the Archangel Mika'il (علیہ السلام) (Michael) had brought it down, for he is connected with rain and with divine mercy.

In refuting this argument, the Holy Qur'an points out that Jibra'il (علیہ السلام) is only a messenger, and has, acting only as a messenger, brought down the Holy Qur'an under a divine command to the Holy Prophet ﷺ . So, why should the Jews be so particular about the messenger, and not look at the Book itself? As for the Book, it confirms the earlier Books of Allah, provides guidance to men, and gives good tidings to the believers. This being what the Divine Books are meant for, the Holy Qur'an is evidently enough a Divine Book, and must, as such be obeyed. To deny it on account of one's hostility to Jibra'il (علیہ السلام) is sheer stupidity or outright perversity. Now, as for the attitude of the Jews towards Jibra'il (علیہ السلام) ، the Holy Qur'an declares that to be hostile to the angels (including Jibra'il and Mika'il (علیہما السلام) or to the prophets is tantamount to being hostile to Allah Himself. Verse 98 puts down the enemies of angels and prophets as infidels (Kafirin) in saying that Allah is the enemy of the infidels. In other words, those who deny or oppose the angels and the prophets will have their due punishment in the other world.

Maulana Ashraf ` Ali Thanavi (رح) has, in his "Bayan al-Qur'an", warned against the possibility of very grave error that may arise with regard to the statement in Verse 97 that the Archangel Jibra'il (علیہ السلام) (Gabriel ) has "brought down the Book on the heart" of the Holy Prophet ﷺ . The error would lie in drawing from this phrase the conclusion that Allah has not revealed the words of the Holy Qur'an but only the meanings. Such a supposition is quite baseless, because many verses of the Holy Qur'an itself mention the Arabic language as the vehicle of revelation in the case of this particular Book of Allah.

That should leave no room for any doubt. Moreover, the "heart" perceives words as much as it does meanings; in fact, the perceiving agent is the "heart", while the ears etc. are only its instruments. Specially, in the state of revelation, the external organs of the senses become dormant, and the heart receives even the words directly without the intervention of the ears. Although we cannot understand the nature of revelation properly, yet, choosing a mundane analogy, one can say that while dreaming in our sleep we do hear words and remember them afterwards, in spite of our external sense of hearing having been suspended while we dreamt. This example should make it easy to see that the revelation of meanings to the heart does in no way preclude the revelation of words as well. Anyhow, it is a sin - and an intellectual dishonesty - to rely on one's own conjectures in defiance of a clear and definite statement in the Holy Qur'an.

(Who is an enemy to Allah, and His angels�) [2:98]. Abu Bakr al-Asfahani informed us> al-Hafiz Abu'l-Shaykh [al-Asfahani]> Abu Yahya al-Razi> Sahl ibn 'Uthman> 'Ali ibn Mushir> Dawud> al-Sha'bi who said: �Said 'Umar ibn al-Khattab, may Allah be well pleased with him: 'I used to go to the Jews upon their study of the Torah and was amazed to see the conformity of the Qur'an with the Torah and of the Torah with the Qur'an. On one occasion they said: 'O 'Umar! We do not like anyone more than we like you'. I asked: 'And why is that?' They said: 'Because you come to us and mix with us'. I said: 'I come to you only because of my amazement at how the different parts of the Book of Allah strengthen each other, and how the Qur'an is in conformity with the Torah and how the Torah is in conformity with the Qur'an'. As I was with them one day, Allah's Messenger, Allah bless him and give him peace, passed by behind me. The Jews said: 'Here is your man; go to him! He has just got to an alley of Medina'. I turned to them and asked: 'I adjure you by Allah and by that which was revealed to you of Scripture, do you know that he is Allah's Messenger?' Their chief said to them: 'He has implored you by Allah, so do tell him'. They said: 'You are our chief; you tell him'. Their chief said: 'We do know that he is Allah's Messenger!' I said: 'You are the one who shall be subject to the worst form of destruction if you all know that he is Allah's Messenger and then do not follow him'. They said: 'We have an enemy among the angels as we have an ally from amongst them'. I asked: 'Who is your enemy and who is your ally?' They said: 'Our enemy is Gabriel who is the angel of harshness and coarseness, burden and hardship'. I said: 'And who is your ally?' They said: 'Michael who is the angel of tenderness, gentleness and ease'. I said: 'In that case I bear witness that it is not allowable for Gabriel to declare enmity to the allies of Michael nor is it allowable for Michael to be an ally to the enemies of Gabriel, for both, including all those who are with them, are enemies to those who declare any one of them as an enemy, as they are allies to whomever is an ally to any one of them'.